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{{ANENavegacionCapitulo (monografía COVID-19)|estructura=[[Estructura temática (monografía COVID-19)|Estructura temática]]|seccion=[[Social,_economic_and_environmental_effects|Social, economic and environmental effects]]|capitulo=Public Finance}}
[[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|right|thumb|300px|MapaMap: Recaudación tributaria del EstadoTax revenue for the Public Treasury. 2019-2020. EspañaSpain.]][[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Gráfico estadísticoStatistical graph: Evolución de la recaudación tributaria del EstadoEvolution in Tax revenue for the Public Treasury. 2010-2020. EspañaSpain.]]
The COVID-19 pandemic spotlighted the need for public action to lessen the noxious effects of social and natural events that may seriously disrupt the smooth running of societies. Public action is financed by tax revenue. Scrutinising public resources requires assessing the two basic composing elements, i.e. public revenue and public expenditure.
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[[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|left|thumb|300px|MapaMap: Recaudación del Impuesto sobre el Valor Añadido. 2019-2020. EspañaSpain.]][[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|left|thumb|300px|MapaMap: Recaudación del IRPF. 2019-2020. España.]]
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[[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Gráfico estadísticoStatistical graph: Evolución de los ingresos tributarios por IVA. 2010-2020. EspañaSpain.]][[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Gráfico estadísticoStatistical graph: Evolución de los ingresos tributarios por IRPF. 2010-2020. EspañaSpain.]]
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[[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|right|thumb|300px|MapaMap: Recaudación del impuesto de sociedades. 2019-2020. EspañaSpain. ]]
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[[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Gráfico estadísticoStatistical graph: Evolución de los ingresos tributarios del impuesto de sociedades. 2010-2020. EspañaSpain.]]
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</ul></div>An overall assessment of these figures allows sketching some general lines of interpretation. Firstly, the high degree of specialisation in tourism in the Balearic Islands (Illes Balears) and the Canary Islands (Canarias) extended throughout their entire economic and social structures, including employment. This factor seriously limited the capacity of the public administrations to act by undermining their budgetary resources. Secondly, and conversely, diversified regional economies, such as the Region of Murcia (Región de Murcia), Navarre (Navarra), Cantabria and Extremadura, where industry and the agri-food sector account for a sizeable part of the productive structure, proved more resilient to the impacts of the pandemic. Consequently, more attention shall be paid to the productive sectors that are truly essential for the smooth running of society. Thirdly, the difficulties observed in industrial regions, such as Catalonia (Catalunya/Cataluña) and the Basque Country (Euskadi/País Vasco), and those hinged on the tertiary economy, such as the Region of Madrid (Comunidad de Madrid), were probably derived from their intense insertion and, therefore, increased exposure to global economic flows. Furthermore, for the Region of Madrid (Comunidad de Madrid) and Catalonia (Catalunya/Cataluña) [more specifically Barcelona], being the headquarters of large corporations at a time when many were returning negative results entailed significant effects on tax revenue.
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[[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|left|thumb|300px|MapaMap: Gasto del Estado. 2019-2020. EspañaSpain.]][[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|right|thumb|300px|MapaMap: Gasto de las comunidades autónomas. 2019-2020. EspañaSpain.]][[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|left|thumb|none|300px|Gráfico estadísticoStatistical graph: Evolución del gasto del Estado. 2015-2020. EspañaSpain.]][[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|right|thumb|none|300px|MapaMap: Gasto autonómico por habitante. 2020. EspañaSpain.]][[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|left|thumb|300px|MapaMap: Déficit de las administraciones públicas en los países de la Unión Europea. 2011-2020. EuropaEurope. ]][[Archivo:Espana_Deuda-acumulada-de-las-comunidades-autonomas_2008-2020_mapa_18391_spa.jpg|right|thumb|none|300px|MapaMap: Deuda acumulada de las comunidades autónomas. 2008-2020. EspañaSpain.]]The pandemic tested the capacity of the Public Administrations (national, regional and local) to react to the effects of the crisis on the business fabric and on society in general, especially on a social level (health, education and labour market).
On the one hand, the sharp drop in economic activity forced implementing and extending direct support mechanisms, such as furloughs, which mobilised large amount of resources to cushion the impact of the pandemic on employment and on the business fabric and pave the way for a rapid recovery. On the other hand, basic public services, such as health and education, required additional funding to serve the population directly affected by the disease, roll out a mass vaccination programme, and ease non-face-to-face teaching modes and smaller student/teacher ratios.
