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Virtually everybody owns a mobile phone nowadays, most of which are smartphones. Citizens interact with them regularly, making and receiving calls, opening data sessions to check e-mails, searching for information on the internet, participating in social networks, etc. Mobile phone operators store this activity data (both calls and data sessions) for billing purposes, and this information may provide valuable raw material for studies on mobility. Mobile phone activity data provide real-time information on the user’s location at any point in time and on any trips they make. Analysing these data allows monitoring processes over time, such as the mobility of the population during the different phases of the pandemic.
Mobile phone activity data include the user identifier, the (anonymised) phone number that rings up, the number that receives the call (if any), the duration of the call or data session, the mobile communications antenna to which the phone connected and the time at which it connected (day, hour, minute and second). The position of a mobile phone may be inferred by the location of the antenna to which it is connected. However, this information is useful for knowing that the mobile phone is within the coverage area of a specific antenna, yet it does not provide information on the exact coordinates of the device as an error is to be expected depending on the density of antennas. The accuracy in urban areas with a high density of antennas is rather high, i.e. a few hundred metres. However, the error in rural areas may rise to several kilometreskiTU??lometres.
How a user has been moving may de deduced from analysing the position of a mobile phone over time. A mobile phone may sometimes stay in the same place. However, it changes position other times, i.e. connects to a different antenna, what means that the user has changed location. These changes in position show both usual mobility (e.g. moving from home to work) and occasional mobility (e.g. going on holiday). Other variables may also be inferred from mobile phone activity data. For instance, the place of residence of the mobile phone’s user is linked to the location where the device has got more activity at night. These data may be cross-referenced with different data sets to obtain detailed information on the user. For example, cross-referencing the user’s place of residence with maps depicting the income level of the census sections provides information on the socioeconomic status of the user.
To summarise, restrictions on mobility were most stringent during the third and fourth weeks of the state of alarm and were then progressively lifted until they ended on 21 June 2020. They affected both the number of trips made and the distance travelled (due to the 1 km radius rule and to limitations on travel between municipalities, provinces and regions). Two indicators were chosen to analyse journeys: firstly, the number of daily trips, and secondly, the number of daily trips weighted by the distance travelled. This second indicator was applied at a provincial level to assess the percentage drop in travellers-km within each province (intra-provincial mobility) and between provinces (inter-provincial mobility). Finally, a third indicator was used to depict lockdown, i.e. the percentage of the population that left their mobility area.
{{ANETextoAsociado|titulo='''Fall in mobility during the third week of lockdown'''|contenido=[[File:Spain_Fall-in-mobility-during-the-third-week-of-lockdown_2020_map_18366_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Fall in mobility during the third week of lockdown. 2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Fall-in-mobility-during-the-third-week-of-lockdown_2020_map_18366_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Fall-in-mobility-during-the-third-week-of-lockdown_2020_map_18366_eng.zip Data]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c12823.c12823&t=A02&view=map Interactiveversion].]]The Spanish national government enacted the ‘temporary non-essential economic hibernation’ during the week from 30 March to 5 April 2020. The population was ordered to stay at home and the vast majority of activities were banned during this extremely strict lockdown, so travel was clearly reduced. Figures on travellers-km obtained from mobile phone data provided an excellent image on this very strict lockdown. This indicator fell in most Spanish provinces by over 70% compared to a typical week. Only provinces with a higher proportion of activities linked to farming and livestock or logistics registered some mobility.
The fall in the amount of trips and distances travelled had a clear impact on the two archipelagos (Balearic Islands/Illes Balears and Canary Islands / Canarias). With tourism at a strict standstill and limitations on both travel between the islands and to mainland Spain, the drop in mobility in the two archipelagos exceeded 90%. Other coastal provinces also registered significant falls, as did the main urban areas, led by Madrid, where the high proportion of office employment as well as the presence of a large administrative and service sector also contributed to the sharp fall in mobility during the most stringent week of restrictions.
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[[File:Logo MonografíaSpain_Evolution-in-the-number-of-trips-during-the-first-wave-of-the-pandemic_2020_statisticalgraph_18367_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Statistical graph: Evolution in the number of trips during the first wave of the pandemic. 2020. Spain.]]
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[[File:Logo MonografíaSpain_Evolution-in-the-number-of-travellers--km-during-the-first-wave-of-the-pandemic_2020_statisticalgraph_18368_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Statistical graph: Evolution in the number of travellers-Km dduring km during the first wave of the pandemic. 2020. Spain.]]
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[[File:Logo MonografíaSpain_Population-leaving-their-mobility-area-during-the-first-wave-of-the-pandemic_2020_statisticalgraph_18256_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Statistical graph: Population leaving their mobility area during the first wave of the pandemic. 2020. Spain.]]
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[[File:Logo MonografíaSpain_Fall-in-inter--provincial-mobility.-Lockdown-–-week-2._2020_map_18249_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Fall in inter-provincial mobility. Lockdown-– week 2. 2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Fall-in-inter--provincial-mobility.-Lockdown-–-week-2._2020_map_18249_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Fall-in-inter--provincial-mobility.-Lockdown-–-week-2._2020_map_18249_eng.zip Data]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c_150_t.valor&s=2020-03-14&t=A02&view=map9 Interactive version].]]
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[[File:Logo MonografíaSpain_Fall-in-inter--provincial-mobility.-Lockdown-–-week-3._2020_map_18250_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Fall in inter-provincial mobility. Lockdown-– week 3. 2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Fall-in-inter--provincial-mobility.-Lockdown-–-week-3._2020_map_18250_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Fall-in-inter--provincial-mobility.-Lockdown-–-week-3._2020_map_18250_eng.zip Data]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c_150_t.valor&s=2020-04-01&t=A02&view=map9 Interactive version].]]
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[[File:Logo MonografíaSpain_Fall-in-inter--provincial-mobility.-Lockdown-–-week-4._2020_map_18251_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Fall in inter-provincial mobility. Lockdown-– week 4. 2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Fall-in-inter--provincial-mobility.-Lockdown-–-week-4._2020_map_18251_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Fall-in-inter--provincial-mobility.-Lockdown-–-week-4._2020_map_18251_eng.zip Data]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c_150_t.valor&s=2020-04-10&t=A02&view=map9 Interactive version].]]
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[[File:Logo MonografíaSpain_Fall-in-inter--provincial-mobility.-Lockdown-–-weeks-5-and-6._2020_map_18252_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Fall in inter-provincial mobility. Lockdown-week – weeks 5 and 6. 2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Fall-in-inter--provincial-mobility.-Lockdown-–-weeks-5-and-6._2020_map_18252_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Fall-in-inter--provincial-mobility.-Lockdown-–-weeks-5-and-6._2020_map_18252_eng.zip Data]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c_150_t.valor&s=2020-04-23&t=A02&view=map9 Interactive version]. ]]
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[[File:Logo MonografíaSpain_Fall-in-inter--provincial-mobility.-Downscaling-scheme-–-week-1_2020_map_18253_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Fall in inter-provincial mobility. Downscaling process-scheme – week 1. 2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Fall-in-inter--provincial-mobility.-Downscaling-scheme-–-week-1_2020_map_18253_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Fall-in-inter--provincial-mobility.-Downscaling-scheme-–-week-1_2020_map_18253_eng.zip Data]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c_150_t.valor&s=2020-05-07&t=A02&view=map9 Interactive version]. ]]
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[[File:Logo MonografíaSpain_Fall-in-inter--provincial-mobility.-Downscaling-scheme-–-week-3_2020_map_18254_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Fall in inter-provincial mobility. Downscaling process-scheme – week 3. 2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Fall-in-inter--provincial-mobility.-Downscaling-scheme-–-week-3_2020_map_18254_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Fall-in-inter--provincial-mobility.-Downscaling-scheme-–-week-3_2020_map_18254_eng.zip Data]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c_150_t.valor&s=2020-05-07&t=A02&view=map9 Interactive version]. ]]
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[[File:Logo MonografíaSpain_Fall-in-inter--provincial-mobility.-Downscaling-scheme-–-week-6_2020_map_18255_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Fall in inter-provincial mobility. Downscaling process-scheme – week 6. 2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Fall-in-inter--provincial-mobility.-Downscaling-scheme-–-week-6_2020_map_18255_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Fall-in-inter--provincial-mobility.-Downscaling-scheme-–-week-6_2020_map_18255_eng.zip Data]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c_150_t.valor&s=2020-05-07&t=A02&view=map9 Interactive version]. ]]
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[[File:Spain_Fall-in-mobility-with-Catalonia-during-lockdown_2020_map_18268_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Fall in mobility with to Catalonia during lockdown. 2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Fall-in-mobility-with-Catalonia-during-lockdown_2020_map_18268_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Fall-in-mobility-with-Catalonia-during-lockdown_2020_map_18268_eng.zip Data].]]
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