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{{ANEEtiqueta|palabrasclave=sección de la Monografía covid-19, sección II, pandemiapandemic, covid19, población absolutatotal population , densidad de poblaciónpopulation density, asentamientos ruralesrural settlement, concentración de la poblaciónhuman concentration , composición de la poblaciónpopulation structure, tercera edadold people, tamaño de los hogareshousehold size, esperanza de vidalife years, densidad de asentamientossettlement density, población en diseminadoscattered population, prevalencia de EPOCprevalence of COPD, prevalencia de obesidadprevalence of obesity, prevalencia de hipertensión arterialprevalence of hypertension, prevalencia de prevalence of diabetes, infarto de miocardioheart failure, infarto de miocardioAIDS, SIDAprevalence of chronic kidney disease|descripcion= Presentación cartográfica de la poblaciónCartographic presentation of population, poblamiento y comorbilidadsettlement and comorbidities|url=valor}}{{ANEObra|Serie=Monographs from the National Atlas of Spain|Logo=[[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|left|50x50px|link=]]|Título=The COVID-19 pandemic in Spain|Subtítulo=First wave: from the first cases to the end of June 2020|Año=2021|Contenido=New content}} {{ANENavegacionCapitulo (monografía COVID-19)|estructura temática=Thematic structure|seccion=[[La pandemia The COVID-19 en Españapandemic in Spain|The COVID-19 pandemic in Spain]]|capitulo=Population, human settlements and comorbidities}} {{ANENavegacionHermanosPrimero|siguiente=[[Resources for health services before the pandemic]]}}
This chapter focuses on some aspects that are present on a territory prior to the arrival of a disease and may favour or hinder the diffusion of the pandemic once the disease starts spreading, e.g. household overcrowding, healthy life years, age structure of the population, total amount of inhabitants per human settlement or the different types of human settlements. Population and human settlements are studied first in this chapter, whilst the text delves afterwards into a double-page devoted to comorbidities.
[[File:Logo MonografíaSpain_Total-population-and-population-density_2020_map_17746_eng.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Map: Total population and population density. 2020. Spain. [ //centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Total-population-and-population-density_2020_map_17746_eng.pdf PDF]. [ Datos//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Total-population-and-population-density_2020_map_17746_eng.zip Data]. [ Versión interactiva//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=r_3_t.r_3_t&i2=c_43_t.c_43_t&s=2020&s2=2020&t=A02&t2=A02&view=map9 Interactive version].]]
There were 47,450,795 inhabitants in Spain as of 1 January 2020. This means an average population density of 93.6 inhabitants/km2. It is the fourth State within the European Union in terms of total population and ranks seventeenth in terms of population density. The spatial distribution of the population in Spain shows at first glance a sharp contrast between a denser periphery –together with the islands– and a more empty hinterland –with the only exceptions of Madrid, Saragossa (Zaragoza) and Valladolid– (see the map on Total population and population density).
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[[File:Logo MonografíaSpain_Rural-population_2020_map_18041_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Rural population. 2020. Spain. [ //centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Rural-population_2020_map_18041_eng.pdf PDF]. [ Datos//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Rural-population_2020_map_18041_eng.zip Data]. [ interactiva//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=r12474.r12474&i2=c12475.c12475&t=A02&t2=A02&view=map9 Interactive version].]]
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[[File:Logo MonografíaSpain_Urban-macrocephaly_2020_map_18022_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Urban macrocephaly. 2020. Spain. [ //centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Urban-macrocephaly_2020_map_18022_eng.pdf PDF]. [ Datos//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Urban-macrocephaly_2020_map_18022_eng.zip Data]. Versiones interactivas Interactive Versions [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=r12468.r12418&view=map8 1] [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c12470.c12470&t=A02&view=map9 2] ]]
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Three noteworthy facts may be observed on the map on [[:File:Spain_Urban-macrocephaly_2020_map_18022_eng.jpg| ''Urban macrocephaly'']]. In the first place, the coast from western Andalusia (Andalucía) to Catalonia (Catalunya/Cataluña) is well traced and a moderate dominance of major towns with a large amount of inhabitants is shown in this area. To a lesser extent, the Atlantic coast in Galicia, the northern coast, the Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands are also well outlined. In the hinterland, however, only Madrid, Valladolid and Saragossa (Zaragoza) stand out. Secondly, there is a sharp contrast between the Northern Plateau and the Southern Plateau as the presence of major towns with a larger amount of inhabitants is more significant in the former. Finally, it shall be noted that the weight of the municipality with most residents on the total population of each province is more significant in the northern half of the Spanish hinterland as well as in Madrid than in the rest of the country. It is also worthy of mention that the municipality with most residents within each province is the capital town of the province except for three cases out of fifty, i.e. Pontevedra, Asturias and Cádiz, where Vigo, Gijón/Xixón and Jerez de la Frontera are the largest towns in these provinces.
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[[File:Logo MonografíaSpain_Density-of-human-settlements_2020_map_18025_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Density of human settlements. 2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_DensidadSpain_Density-deof-asentamientos_2020_mapa_18025_spahuman-settlements_2020_map_18025_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_DensidadSpain_Density-deof-human-asentamientos_2020_mapa_18025_spasettlements_2020_map_18025_eng.zip DatosData]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c_112_t.c_112_t&s=2020&t=A02&view=map8 Versión interactiva Interactive version].]]
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[[File:Logo MonografíaSpain_Population-living-in-scattered-villages_2020_map_18024_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Population living in scattered villages by municipality. 2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_PoblacionSpain_Population-enliving-diseminadoin-porscattered-municipio_2020_mapa_18026_spavillages_2020_map_18024_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_PoblacionSpain_Population-enliving-diseminadoin-porscattered-municipio_2020_mapa_18026_spavillages_2020_map_18024_eng.zip DatosData]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c_113_t.c_113_t&s=2020&t=A02&view=map8 Versión interactivaInteractive version].]]
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[[File:Logo MonografíaSpain_Human-settlements_2020_map_18023_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|MapaMap: Human settlementessettlements. 2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_Entidades-deSpain_Human-poblacion_2020_mapa_18023_spasettlements_2020_map_18023_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_Entidades-deSpain_Human-poblacion_2020_mapa_18023_spasettlements_2020_map_18023_eng.zip DatosData] . [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=r_109_t.r_109_t&i2=c_108_t.c_108_t&s=2020&s2=2020&t=A02&t2=A02&view=map9 Versión interactivaInteractive version].]]
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[[File:Logo MonografíaSpain_Population-living-in-scattered-villages-by-municipality_2020_map_18026_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Population living in scattered villages by provincemunicipality. 2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_PoblacionSpain_Population-living-in-scattered-villages-enby-diseminado_2020_mapa_18024_spamunicipality_2020_map_18026_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_PoblacionSpain_Population-living-enin-diseminado_2020_mapa_18024_spascattered-villages-by-municipality_2020_map_18026_eng.zip DatosData]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=r_111_t.r_111_t&i2=c_110_t.c_110_t&s=2020&s2=2020&t=A02&t2=A02&view=map9 Versión interactivaInteractive version].]]]
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The maps showing human settlements throughout the Spanish territory seem to be very explanatory. At first glance, there is an outstanding number of human settlements in the Northwest in relation to the rest of the country (see the map on Human settlements). However, a more detailed analysis could conclude that certain differences may be observed in the rest of the country as the map on Density of human settlements, which shows a more detailed unit of anaysis as it moves from a provincial level to a municipal division, reveals areas with a significant density of human settlements such as the outskirts of the Metropolitan Area of Madrid, central and northern Catalonia (Catalunya/Cataluña), some areas in the Region of Valencia (Comunitat Valenciana), the southeast of the Region of Murcia (Región de Murcia), eastern Andalusia (Andalucía), the central area of the province of Salamanca as well as some of the Canary Islands (Canarias).
Besides, the maps showing the Population population living in scattered villages ([[:File:Spain_Population-living-in-scattered-villages_2020_map_18024_eng.jpg| ''by province '']] and [[:File:Spain_Population-living-in-scattered-villages-by-municipality_2020_map_18026_eng.jpg| ''by municipality'']] ), i.e. villages different to the capital town of the municipality, reveal a sharp contrast between the periphery [especially Galicia, western Asturias, the Basque Country (Euskadi/País Vasco), northwestern Navarre (Navarra), the district called Maestrazgo/Maestrat between the regions of Aragón and Valencia, as well as a long strip that goes from Alicante/Alacant to Cádiz], where more people live in scattered villages, and the Spanish hinterland, where lower figures are shown on both maps since more people live in the capital town of the municipality. In short, population distribution is more scattered along the coast, whether for geographical, historical or functional reasons. In the hinterland, by contrast, a greater concentration in terms of human settlements may be observed, yet certain differences shall be pointed out, i.e. human settlements are closer to each other although smaller in size in the Northern Plateau, whereas a smaller number of settlements that are more distant from each other and which have municipalities larger in size may be observed in the Southern Plateau.
Certain features of population distribution and human concentration have been described so far. Three further aspects are analysed in the following paragraphs, i.e. age structure, levels of household overcrowding and healthy life years.
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[[File:Logo MonografíaSpain_Population-under-60-years-of-age_2020_map_17748_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Population under 60 years of age. 2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_PoblacionSpain_Population-under-menor60-deyears-60of-anos_2020_mapa_17748_spaage_2020_map_17748_eng.pdf PDF]. [ Datos//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Population-under-60-years-of-age_2020_map_17748_eng.zip Data]. [ Versión interactiva//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=r12111.r12111&i2=c12112.v12112&t=A03&t2=A03&view=map9 Interactive version].]]
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<li style="display: inline-block">[[File:Logo MonografíaSpain_Population-from-60-to-85-years-of-age_2020_map_17749_eng.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Map: Population from 60 to 85 years of age. 2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_PoblacionSpain_Population-entrefrom-60-yto-85-anos_2020_mapa_17749_spayears-of-age_2020_map_17749_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_PoblacionSpain_Population-entrefrom-60-yto-85-anos_2020_mapa_17749_spayears-of-age_2020_map_17749_eng.zip DatosData]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=r12124.v12124&i2=c12125.c12125&t=A02&t2=A02&view=map9 Versión interactivaInteractive version].]]
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[[File:Logo MonografíaSpain_Population-over-85-years-of-age_2020_map_17750_eng.jpg|rightleft|thumb|300px|Map: Population over 85 years of age. 2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_PoblacionSpain_Population-over-mayor85-deyears-85of-anos_2020_mapa_17750_spaage_2020_map_17750_eng.pdf PDF]. [ Datos//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Population-over-85-years-of-age_2020_map_17750_eng.zip Data]. [ Versión interactiva//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=r12114.r12114&i2=c12115.c12115&t=A02&t2=A02&view=map9 Interactive version].]]
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[[File:Logo MonografíaSpain_Households-with-5-or-more-members_2019_map_17763_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Households with 5 or more members. 2019. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_HogaresSpain_Households-conwith-cinco5-oor-masmore-personas_2019_mapa_17763_spamembers_2019_map_17763_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_HogaresSpain_Households-conwith-cinco5-oor-masmore-personas_2019_mapa_17763_spamembers_2019_map_17763_eng.zip DatosData]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=s17763.s17763&i2=c12131.c12131&t=A01&t2=A01&view=map9 Versión interactivaInteractive version].]]
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[[File:Logo MonografíaSpain_Healthy-life-years_2007-2018_map_18147_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Healthy life years. 2007-2018. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_EsperanzaSpain_Healthy-de-vida-enlife-buenayears_2007-salud_2007-2018_mapa_18147_spa2018_map_18147_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_EsperanzaSpain_Healthy-de-vida-en-buenalife-salud_2007years_2007-2018_mapa_18147_spa2018_map_18147_eng.zip DatosData]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c12628.c12628&t=A02&view=map10 Versión interactivaInteractive version].]]
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The national average of households with five or more members out of the total amount of households lies by 5.7% (see the map on [[:File:Spain_Households-with-5-or-more-members_2019_map_17763_eng.jpg| ''Households with 5 or more members'']]). The provinces of Almería and Murcia stand out as their figures rise to around 9%, whilst on the other end of the scale some provinces on the Northern Plateau, next to the Portuguese border as well as Asturias fall to around 4%. Figures in the rest of the country are similar to the national average.
The region is used as spatial unit of analysis on the map on [[:File:Spain_Healthy-life-years_2007-2018_map_18147_eng.jpg| ''Healthy life years'']]. A double point of view is taken into account, i.e. healthy life years at birth and at the age of 65. In the first case, a graph shows the evolution from 2007 to 2018 with very contrasting profiles that do not allow deducing well-defined spatial behaviours. In the second case, however, a larger extension of healthy life at the age of 65 seems to be detected in the northern hinterland as well as in Galicia, the Basque Country (Euskadi/País Vasco) and the Balearic Islands (Illes Balears).
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{{ANETextoAsociado|titulo=Major comorbidities|contenido= National and international studies have shown differences in the mortality and fatality of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients between territories. Part of these differences may be attributed to different levels of access to healthcare. In this regard, the Spanish National Health System is made up of the Regional Health Systems. There may be differences in the health service management and organisation from one region to another. However, all of them are based on the same principles, i.e. universal and free access.
Another part of these differences is linked to risk factors or pathologies of the affected person (comorbidities), which determine the possible severity of the infection and, therefore, the need for healthcare resources. It shall always be borne in mind that advanced age and being male are the two main demographic factors linked to the severity and lethality of infection by this virus. However, the scientific community is unanimous in identifying the comorbidities included in this section as additional risk factors.
{{ANEAutoria|Autores=María José Amorín Calzada}}
{{ANESubirArriba}}
{{ANENavegacionHermanosPrimero|siguiente=[[Resources for health services before the pandemic]]}}
{{ANEPaginaDescargas (monografía COVID-19)}}