Changes

The population increased and exceeded ten million inhabitants in the 18th century, but changes in the territorial distribution took place. The inland areas, except for Madrid, suffered continuous negative rates for more than a century (''[[:ArchivoFile:XXX|The Urban World and Population Density at the late 18th Century]]'' map and ''[[:ArchivoFile:XXX|Population and Population Density in the First Third of the 19th Century]]'' map) while the outskirts were thriving: Gijón, Ferrol, Vigo, Cartagena, Jerez de la Frontera, San Fernando, etc. This was possible thanks to the progress in medicine, hygiene, increased agricultural production, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ocr_Qflmjps new towns] founded by the State, the arrival of technicians and foreign residents, the creation of industries, among other reasons.<br>

The Spanish War of Independence, the Carlist War and the continuous guerrillas, absolutist or liberal, reinforced the demographic blow, either due to deaths (500,000? 1808-1814) or to those exiled; some for their Francophile progressivism (the ''afrancesados'', like [https://historia-arte.com/artistas/francisco-de-goya Goya]), others for their liberal activism. Also due to the plagues from 1800, 1814, 1833. In 1833, the country reached 12,162,000 inhabitants, which still meant a very weak density: just 1,636 inhabitants per square mile, as opposed to 4,659 inhabitants in the Netherlands, 3,875 in the United Kingdom, 3,085 in France or 1,815 in Portugal. With the provincial reorganisation by Javier de Burgos (1833), the new provincial capitals grew, as well as the mining areas, such as Asturias and Ciudad Real. The inland rural exodus expanded towards the industrial areas, which developed on the outskirts, and to the cities of the Basque Country (Biscay), Catalonia (Barcelona) and Madrid. Thus, a bourgeoisie of civil servants, industrialists and merchants emerged, who supported great urban projects: districts such as ''Ensanche '' in Barcelona (Cerdà Plan, imposed by the central government) and Salamanca district, in Madrid.<br>

The war against Napoleon, who came to Spain to place his brother on the throne in Madrid (''[[:File:XXX|The Spanish War of Independence ]]'' map, also known as Peninsular War), brought the emergence of the first Constitution of Spain, in a besieged, progressive and liberal Cádiz. It also led to the appearance of guerrillas (a term that was made universal) against the French invader, in favour either of the absolutist king or of the liberals. The guerrillas from one side or the other continued until the mid-twenties, according to the ruling ideology. In the thirties, Infante Don Carlos, who supported a monarchy that was absolutist, ''foralista '' and with a male sucession line, refused to accept his niece Isabella as the Queen. His reluctance was even increased because she was beign supported by de liberals. He proclaimed himself King (Charles V). A long and cruel seven years war started ([https://www.lavanguardia.com/historiayvida/historia-contemporanea/20181126/47313683261/asi-nacio-el-carlismo-en-espana.html The Great Carlist War ] ''[[:File:XXX|map]]''). The Convention of Bergara that ended it, started a liberal and two-party monarchy in Spain. There would be two other Carlist wars, in 1846-1849 and 1872-1876, and many attempts in 1855, 1860, 1869 and 1870.<br>

In 1853 the prohibition of emigrating to America was lifted (''[[:File:XXX|Emigration in the 19th Century ]]'' map). Cuba, still Spanish, attracted the Catalan emigration. Later on, the emigration was directed to Mexico, Uruguay, Brazil and Argentina. Between 1853 and 1882, there was a high Galician emigration rate (325,000, 60% of the total), and afterwards of Canarians, Asturians and Basques. The population of the Mediterranean and Balearic coastline headed for Morocco or Algeria (about 114,000, most of all, to Oran) and of the Northeast Peninsula to Europe.<br>