Changes

{{ANEEtiqueta|palabrasclave= chronology of prehistory, Palaeolithic, Palaeolithic art, Levantine rock art, schematic art, Neolithic, Megalithic, Chalcolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age, pre-Roman people, Tartessian, Tartessian|descripcion= Cartographic presentation of prehistory, including, among others, sites on the Iberian Peninsula|url=valor}}{{ANEObra|Serie=Compendium of the National Atlas of Spain|Logo=[[Filehttp:Logo_Compendio//nationalatlas.ign.es/images/thumb/7/7f/Spain_Paleolithic-art_2014_map_14802_eng.jpg|left|60x60px|link=]]|Título=Spain on maps|Subtítulo=A geographic synopsis|Año=2022|Contenido=New content/197px-Spain_Paleolithic-art_2014_map_14802_eng.jpg}}

{{ANENavegacionSubcapituloANEObra|seccionSerie=HistoryCompendium of the National Atlas of Spain|capituloLogo=Historical overview[[File:Logo_Compendio.jpg|subcapituloleft|60x60px|link=]]|Título=Spain on maps|Subtítulo=A geographic synopsis|Año=2022|Contenido=PrehistoryNew content}}

{{ANENavegacionHermanosPrimeroANENavegacionSubcapitulo|siguienteseccion=[[History|History]]|capitulo=[[Historical overview|Historical overview]]|subcapitulo=Prehistory}} {{ANENavegacionTemaAnterior|color=#ad545f|nombre tema=Historical overview}}{{ANENavegacionSubtemaSiguiente|nombre subtema=[[Ancient ageAge]]}}<div style="clear: both;"></div>

|epigrafe=Understanding the Iberian Peninsula in the Paleolithic}} [[File:Spain_Prehistory-timeline_2017_illustration_16026_eng.jpg|center|thumb|800px|Illustration: Prehistory timeline. Spain.]]<br> [[File:Spain_Lower-Paleolithic-human-and-material-remains_2014_map_13972_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Lower Paleolithic human and material remains. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Lower-Paleolithic-human-and-material-remains_2014_map_13972_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Lower-Paleolithic-human-and-material-remains_2014_map_13972_eng.zip Data].]]

[[File:EnelaboracionThe Lower Paleolithic covers a vast period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula. As illustrated in the figure, it spanned from 1,350,000 years ago to roughly 130,000 years BC, the period which is generally considered to mark the beginning of the Middle Paleolithic. The Lower Paleolithic coincides with the geological age of both the Lower (or possibly older) and Middle Pleistocene Epochs. The Lower Pleistocene had a warm climate similar to today´s Mediterranean environment in which the regular flow of water from rivers (greater in the Atlantic watershed than in the Mediterranean watershed) deposited sediment and produced fluvial terraces.jpg|center|thumb|800px|IllustrationThe fauna typical of this time period was similar to that of the present-day African Savannah: Prehistory timelinelarge mammals such as elephants, panthers, saber-tooth tigers, hippopotamus, zebras, and hyenas. SpainThe Middle Pleistocene was marked by glaciations which transformed ecosystems and gave rise to mammals such as cave bears, rhinoceros, and mammoths.<span style="color: #b20027; ">16026 </span>]] <br>

[[File:EnelaboracionGran_Dolina,_archaeological_site_of_Atapuerca_Burgos.jpg|leftright|thumb|none|300px|Map: Lower Paleolithic. Human and material remains. Spain.<span style="colorImage: #b20027; ">13972 [PDF]. [Datos]Gran Dolina, archaeological site of Atapuerca (Burgos). </span>]]

The Lower Paleolithic covers oldest human fossil remains found on the Iberian Peninsula were discovered in sima del Elefante (in the archaeological site of [https://www.atapuerca.org/es/ver/Video-del-Proyecto-Atapuerca Atapuerca], Burgos), in the form of a vast period in jawbone from an undetermined hominid dating from 1,200,000 years ago. If the history fossil were of ''Homo habilis'' origin, it might have arrived on the Iberian Peninsulaby way of the Strait of Gibraltar. As illustrated in Another hypothesis is that the figurefossil could belong to a new species called ''Homo antecessor'', it spanned which may have possibly evolved from 1individuals of ''Homo erectus'' and settled on the Iberian Peninsula (at Gran Dolina, TD6,350Atapuerca) around 800,000 years ago , after having migrated from Asia. However, it is important to roughly 130note that fossilised human remains of,000 years BCas yet, undetermined origin have also been unearthed at Venta Micena in Orce (Granada) and in cueva Victoria, in Cartagena (Murcia).<br>Two subsequent species emerged and lived together in the period Iberian Peninsula: ''Homo neanderthalensis'', which is generally considered to mark marked the beginning of the Middle Paleolithic, and ''Homo heidelbergensis''. The Lower Paleolithic coincides with the geological age of both the Lower Neanderthal remains found in El Sidrón, in Piloña (or possibly olderAsturias) witness their presence and Middle Pleistocene Epochsare of particular significance. The Lower Pleistocene had It should be mentioned that prior to this finding, around 28 individuals (a warm climate similar to today´s Mediterranean environment relatively large number) were discovered in which sima de los Huesos at Atapuerca, making up more than 85% of the regular flow world´s recorded fossils of water from rivers (greater in the Atlantic watershed than in primitive ''neanderthalensis'' species. These remains were initially thought to be ''Devisovan'', a species that predated ''neanderthalensis''. Since the Mediterranean watershed) deposited sediment and produced fluvial terraces. The fauna typical massive presence of this time period was similar individuals at Atapuerca does not appear to be a coincidence, but rather a burial site, it is believed that there existed some degree of religious practice. Neanderthals formed small nomadic tribes and harnessed the present-day African Savannah: large mammals such as elephantsuse of fire, perhaps without mastery. They lived out in the open air, sometimes at the mouths of caves, panthersand when not scavenging, saberled a hunter-tooth tigersgatherer lifestyle; and appear to have even engaged in cannibalism.<br>The defining characteristic of these hominids placing them in the genus ''Homo'' is their ability to make tools. Initially, hippopotamusthey made stone tools, zebrastypically of flint and quartzite, shaped and hyenassharpened on only one surface (using stone tool technology). And later, tools were made by shaping both sides of the stone, forming bifacial preforms typical of Acheulean technology. The Middle Pleistocene was marked by glaciations early tools, which transformed ecosystems were bulky and heavy and gave rise to mammals such made in situ, were abandoned as soon as cave bearshunted animals were cut and skinned, rhinoceroswhereas bifacial tools were typically kept for future use, as they were more versatile and mammothsdifficult to produce.[[File:Enelaboracion.jpg|right|thumb|none|300px|Image: Gran Dolina, archaeological site of Atapuerca (Burgos)]]<br>

The oldest [[File:Spain_Middle-Paleolithic-human-and-material-remains_2014_map_13973_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Middle Paleolithic human fossil and material remains found on the Iberian Peninsula were discovered in sima del Elefante, (in the archaeological site of . Spain. [https://wwwcentrodedescargas.atapuercacnig.orges/esCentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/veraneTematico/VideoSpain_Middle-delPaleolithic-Proyectohuman-Atapuerca Atapuercaand-material-remains_2014_map_13973_eng.pdf PDF], Burgos) in the form of a jawbone from an undetermined hominid dating from 1,200,000 years ago. If the fossil were of Homo habilis origin, it might have arrived on the Iberian Peninsula by way of the Strait of Gibraltar[//centrodedescargas.cnig. Another hypothesis is that the fossil could belong to a new species called Homo antecessor, which may have possibly evolved from individuals of Homo erectus and settled on the Iberian Peninsula (at Gran Dolina, TD6, Atapuerca) after having migrated from Asia around 800,000 years agoes/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida. However, it is important to note that fossilised do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Middle-Paleolithic-human remains of, as yet, undetermined origin have also been unearthed at Venta Micena in Orce (Granada) -and in cueva Victoria, in Cartagena (Murcia)-material-remains_2014_map_13973_eng.zip Data].]]

Two subsequent species emerged and lived together in The Middle Paleolithic, which began approximately 130,000 years BC, coincided with the Iberian Peninsula: widespread presence of ''Homo neanderthalensis''.<br>''Homo neanderthalensis'' had a cranium size of 1, which marked 450 cm3, slightly larger than modern man. Their bodies had a similar average stature of 1,70 cm, although stockier and perhaps with shorter limbs. Their presence coincided with the beginning cold climate of the Middle PaleolithicWürm glaciation, and Homo heidelbergensiswhich precipitated the taking of refuge in caves. Neanderthal remains The most significant enclaves were found in El cueva de las Grajas, in Archidona (Málaga), dating from roughly 200,000 years ago and cueva de Nerja, where the Neanderthals subsequently created the earliest known cave paintings about 40,000 years ago as well as at the sima de las Palomas de Cabezo Gordo (Murcia) site.<br>The two most prominent settlements established on the Iberian Peninsula were at the already mentioned cueva del Sidrón, in Piloña (Asturias) witness their presence and are at Calvero de la Higuera in Pinilla del Valle (Madrid). At the former site, remnants were unearthed of particular significanceabout 13 individuals (the best collection in Spain) who lived 43,000 years ago. It should At the latter site, in addition to an extensive assemblage of fauna fossils, which even included unknown species such as the so-called “whistling hare”, Neanderthal remains were uncovered in what is believed to be mentioned that prior the oldest known burial site. The remains were of a young girl with red hair, which appears to this findingbe consistent with most of her congeners. There is also clear evidence of burial sites in cueva Morín in Villaescusa (Cantabria).<br>Despite the controversy surrounding the coexistence and interbreeding of Neanderthals and ''Homo sapiens'', around 28 individuals recent studies of cueva de la Güelga in Cangas de Onís (a relatively large numberAsturias) were discovered reveal clear evidence of such activity from roughly 40,000 years ago. There is no debate about whether the Neanderthals engaged in sima cannibalism as remnants at both Sidrón archeological site and cueva del Boquete de los Huesos Zafarralla (Málaga) indicate. With regard to interbreeding, an exhaustive study of DNA from the remains recovered at Atapuercacueva del Sidrón, making up more than 85% suggests that their blood was compatible with that of ''Homo sapiens''.<br>The Neanderthals manufactured tools using an innovative technology known as the world´s recorded fossils of Levallois technique. Since it came from the Mousterian tool culture, this period is referred to as the primitive neardenthaliensis speciesMousterian era. These remains At this time, Neanderthals were no longer just using stone cores, but were initially thought intentionally engineering them with retouches and grooves to be Devisovanobtain flakes of different shapes for scrapers, cleavers, denticulate saws and spear points, which they attached to a species that predated neardenthaliensisshaft to be used for specific tasks. Since This expertise in tool making was an adaptation to the massive presence necessities of individuals at Atapuerca does not appear survival. Neanderthals continued to be lead a coincidencepredatory way of life as hunter-gatherers, but rather a burial site, it the harsh climatic conditions of the glacial environment compelled them to craft better clothing and look for more effective ways to stockpile food. It is believed generally agreed that there existed some degree the Neanderthals’ two greatest achievements were mastery of religious practice. Neanderthals formed small nomadic tribes the art of fire making and harnessed the use of firespoken language, perhaps without masteryalbeit a less complex form than that of modern humans. They lived out in <br>In the open airmajority of settlements, where human remains have been observed, lithic remnants have also been uncovered; however, sometimes at the mouths of caves, and when reverse case is not scavengingnecessarily true. For example, led a hunter-gatherer lifestylethe multiple artefacts discovered at Atapuerca can be only attributed to the Neanderthals; and appear to however, actual (skeletal) fossil remains of this hominid group have even engaged in cannibalismnot been found at this site. Such findings hinder the study of evolutionary changes.<br>

The defining characteristic of these hominids placing them in the genus Homo is their ability to make tools[[File:Spain_Upper-Paleolithic--Human-and-material-remains_2014_map_13974_eng. Initially, they made stone tools, typically of flint jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Upper Paleolithic Human and quartzite, shaped material remains. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Upper-Paleolithic--Human-and sharpened on only one surface (using stone tool technology)-material-remains_2014_map_13974_eng. And later, tools were made by shaping both sides of the stone, forming bifacial preforms typical of Acheulean technologypdf PDF]. The early tools, which were bulky [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Upper-Paleolithic--Human-and heavy and made in situ, were abandoned as soon as hunted animals were cut and skinned, whereas bifacial tools were typically kept for future use, as they were more versatile and difficult to produce-material-remains_2014_map_13974_eng.zip Data].]]

[[File:EnelaboracionThe Upper Paleolithic, which coincided with the end of the Upper Pleistocene, saw the evolutionary rise of a new species called ''Homo sapiens'' starting in approximately 40,000 BC. The end of the Upper Pleistocene on the Iberian Peninsula took place around 12,000 to 10,000 BC, which was followed by a new epoch called the Neolithic, also known as the Holocene on the geological time scale.jpg|left|thumb|none|300px|Map: Middle Paleolithic<br>''Homo sapiens'' are a species that originated in Africa. Human The earliest human fossils found on the Iberian Peninsula date from roughly 35,000 years ago (Cova Gran, Lleida)and material remainswere unearthed from settlements sited along rivers. SpainFor some time, ''Homo sapiens'' coexisted with Neanderthals, eventually replacing them as their populations declined. The fact that this occurred despite the Neanderthal´s larger brain capacity has elicited explanations that are the subject of much speculation. It is known that ''Homo sapiens'' were able to survive the glacial periods that led many species on the European continent to extinction. A diverse diet consisting of game, collected fruit, small fish such as salmon and trout, and molluscs may have contributed to their survival.<span style="color: #b20027; "br>13973 [PDF]''Homo sapiens'' are a modern and very refined hominid whose tools reveal a new stage in evolution. Referred to as microliths and multilayered tools, they were smaller in size and similar to knives. They also made use of new materials such as wood, bone, antler, ivory and shells. [Datos]In addition to cave paintings, decorative objects such as necklaces also appeared. </spanbr>]]The Middle Paleolithicearly ''sapiens'' were clearly creative beings. They made music: flutes were found at La Güelga in Cangas del Onís (Asturias) and El Castillo in Puente Viesgo (Cantabria), and built very advanced contraptions like grinders to pulverize vegetables and obtain grains. They created organised social hierarchies, as suggested by the use of power connoting accessories like staffs. And they were fond of art as shown by such unique sculptures as the Venus figurines. They engineered new tools such as harpoons and short spears, which began approximately 130indicate a gradual diversification of hunting and fishing methods and expanded the array of animals they hunted for food. Such tools may also have been developed in response to violent encounters among competing factions.<br>Though more organised and numerous than their ancestors at this point, they were still nomads,000 years BCwho periodically lived in caves. Vestiges of huts were found near the coasts and at the mouths of rivers where they dwelt. Burial sites bearing funerary objects were now ubiquitous, coincided suggesting possession of the capacity to think symbolically and a belief in an afterlife. Corpses sprinkled with ochre powder have been found, and sometimes accompanied by traces of flower pollen, a combination which may have been a sign of family or emotional bonds. The existence of sea shells in excavation sites in the widespread presence of Homo neanderthalensisManzanares river basin suggests they travelled long distances and traded objects.<br>

The two most prominent settlements established on {{ANETextoAsociado|titulo= Artistic expression in the Iberian Peninsula were at the already mentioned cueva del Sidrón in Piloña (Asturias) and at Calvero de la Higuera in Pinilla del Valle (Madrid)Upper Paleolithic|contenido=[[File:Spain_Paleolithic-art_2014_map_14802_eng.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Map: Paleolithic art. At the former site, remnants were unearthed of about 13 individuals (the best collection in Spain) who lived 43,000 years ago. At the latter site, in addition to an extensive assemblage of fauna fossils, which even included unknown species such as the so[//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Paleolithic-called “whistling hare”, Neanderthal remains were uncovered in what is believed to be the oldest known burial siteart_2014_map_14802_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida. The remains were of a young girl with red hair, which appears to be consistent with most of her congenersdo?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Paleolithic-art_2014_map_14802_eng. There is also clear evidence of burial sites in cueva Morín in Villaescusa (Cantabria)zip Data].]]

Despite There is much debate about whether to attribute the controversy surrounding earliest development of artistic expression solely to ''Homo sapiens'' based on the coexistence fact that its emergence coincided with their existence, and interbreeding there is also similar debate with respect to the Paleolithic. Since Neanderthals were also present at this time, they may have been responsible for some of Neanderthals these works, and previous works; possible examples include: El Castillo (a red disc and Homo sapienshand figures), Tito Bustillo (some remains), [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OaG7dM-9tSA Altamira] (a claviform symbol), recent studies of and cueva de la Güelga in Cangas de Onís Nerja with seal paintings (Asturias) reveal clear evidence of such activity from roughly 40possibly 42,000 years ago). There <br>Nevertheless, the earliest substantiated evidence of ''sapiens'' artistic expression, known as the Franco-Cantabrian style, is no debate about whether from the Neanderthals engaged great Nordpeninsular and Nordpyrenean complexes. Works were also found in cannibalism other areas such as remnants at both Sidrón archeological site Pileta, Maltravieso and Siega Verde. Animal figures such as bison, horses and fallow deer, and rarely humans, were the protagonists of these paintings. The images, made with continuous lines and usually pigmented with ochre or black from iron oxide or manganese, were created in the backs of caves, perhaps to create a magical effect. They used the irregularities in the stone to give volume to and cueva del Boquete de Zafarralla enhance the naturalism of the images. Very few portable art exist from this prehistoric time such pendants (made from stone, bone, shells, or teeth), weapons (Málagasuch as harpoons and spears) indicate. With regard to interbreeding, an exhaustive study of DNA or objects connoting power (canes from Caballón and Castillo), although the remains recovered at cueva 6,000 engravings on the limestone caves of Cova del Sidrón, suggests that their blood was compatible with that Parpalló make up the largest collection of Homo sapiensart in Europe from this era.}}

The Neanderthals manufactured tools using an innovative technology known as the Levallois technique. Since it came from the Mousterian tool culture{{ANEAutoria|Autores= María Sánchez Agustí, this period is referred to as the Mousterian era. At this timeJosé Antonio Álvarez Castrillón, Neanderthals were no longer just using stone coresMercedes de la Calle Carracedo, but were intentionally engineering them with retouches and grooves to obtain flakes of different shapes for scrapersDaniel Galván Desvaux, cleaversJoaquín García Andrés, denticulate saws and spear pointsIsidoro González Gallego, which they attached to a shaft to be used for specific tasks. This expertise in tool making was an adaptation to the necessities of survival. Neanderthals continued to lead a predatory way of life as hunter-gatherersMontserrat León Guerrero, but the harsh climatic conditions of the glacial environment compelled them to craft better clothing and look for more effective ways to stockpile food. It is generally agreed that the Neanderthals’ two greatest achievements were mastery of the art of fire making and the use of spoken languageEsther López Torres, albeit a less complex form than that of modern humans.Carlos Lozano Ruiz, Ignacio Martín Jiménez, Rosendo Martínez Rodríguez, Rafael de Miguel González}}

[[File:Enelaboracion.jpg|left|thumb|none|300px{{ANETextoEpigrafe|Map: Upper Paleolithic. Human and material remains. Spain.<span styleepigrafe="color: #b20027; ">13974 [PDF]. [Datos]. </span>]]The Upper Paleolithic, which coincided with the end of the Upper Pleistocene, saw the evolutionary rise of a new species called Homo sapiens starting in approximately 40,000 BC. The end of the Upper Pleistocene on the Iberian Peninsula took place around 12,000 to 10,000 BC, which was followed by a new epoch called the Neolithic, also known as the Holocene on the geological time scale.slowly unfolds}}

Homo sapiens are a species Scientists do not agree as to whether this was the beginning or the end of an epoch. As the Holocene began, the interglacial period that originated in Africais believed to be taking place today was already under way. The earliest human fossils found on ''Sapiens'' were adapting quickly to a more temperate climate and vegetative landscape as well as to the Iberian Peninsula date from roughly 35availability of more desirable animals for hunting. Communities were becoming more specialised in exploiting a variety of available resources,000 years ago and were unearthed from settlements sited along rivers. For some timeleading to improvements in hunting, Homo sapiens coexisted with Neanderthalsgathering, eventually replacing them as their populations declinedfishing and shellfishing. The fact Some historians believe that the Paleolithic Period was coming to a close and refer to this occurred despite the Neanderthal´s larger brain capacity has elicited explanations that are time period as the subject of much speculationEpi-Paleolithic. It is known that Homo sapiens were able However, other historians consider this to survive the glacial periods that led many species on be the European continent to extinction. A diverse diet consisting beginning of gamea new era starting roughly 12, collected fruit000 BC, small fish such describing it as salmon and troutthe Mesolithic Period, and molluscs may have contributed to their survivalwhich was then proceeded imperceptibly by the Neolithic.<br>

Homo sapiens are a modern and very refined hominid whose tools reveal a new stage in evolution[[File:Spain_The-Neolithic_2014_map_16470_eng. Referred to as microliths and multilayered tools, they were smaller in size and similar to knivesjpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: The Neolithic. They also made use of new materials such as wood, bone, antler, ivory and shellsSpain. In addition to cave paintings, decorative objects such as necklaces also appeared[//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_The-Neolithic_2014_map_16470_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_The-Neolithic_2014_map_16470_eng.zip Data].]]

The early sapiens were clearly creative beingsA plethora of technologically advanced tools and contraptions such as harpoons, spears, sickles, saws, arrows, knives, and darts have been found, which they crafted in response to forces necessitating new ways of subsistence. They made music: flutes Stones were found at La Güelga finely burnished to be fashioned as useful tools and microliths embedded in Cangas del Onís (Asturias) polished wooden handles were made with an angular shape suitable for cutting, scraping, and El Castillo penetrating their prey; samples of small painted rocks depicting this phenomenon have been discovered in some sites.<br>Evidence in Puente Viesgo three different regions has led to the identification of what has come to define the Neolithic period: a sedentary lifestyle, albeit initially tentative and seasonally dependant. From the Pyrenees (CantabriaMas d´Azil site in France), and built very advanced contraptions like grinders extending to pulverize vegetables the entire septentrion, the Azilian cultures predominated, particularly the Asturian culture. This civilisation can be characterised by their tools, such as the "Asturian pick", and obtain grains. They created organised social hierarchiesshell fishing lifestyle, as suggested evidenced by an accumulation of seashells, named "concheros". On the East coast and stretching inland to the Ebro Valley, farming communities appeared along with microlayered and geometric tools. And on the Atlantic coast and reaching to the use Algarve, there is evidence of wetland mollusc collecting and man-made huts, suggesting a flourishing coastal maritime lifestyle.<br>The arrival of power connoting accessories like staffsthe Neolithic, a time period measured in milennia, signalled the transition from a hunter-gatherer to a progressively agrarian and ranching lifestyle with permanent dwellings. And they were fond This monumental, evolutionary change began with formation of art as shown the largest rivers in Asia and the Nile in Africa caused by climate change during the Holocene. This extensive period marked such unique sculptures a significant transformation in human history that in order to characterise it appropriately, it is referred to as the Venus figurines"Neolithic Revolution". They engineered new tools such as harpoons and short spearsWith this change, which indicate came a gradual diversification of hunting sedentary lifestyle, architecture, social hierarchies, religions, and fishing methods and expanded technological innovations.<br>According to diffusion theories, these lifestyle changes were brought to the Iberian Peninsula from the array Eastern Mediterranean. However, to adherents of animals they hunted for food. Such tools may also have been developed autochthonous theories, the changes occurred naturally in response to violent encounters among competing factionsthe evolution of the Mesolithic on the Iberian Peninsula. One theory asserts that there were four regions along the Peninsula: Northeast Area, Levantine Area, Southern Area and South Atlantic Area, as can be seen on ''[[:File:Spain_The-Neolithic_2014_map_16470_eng.jpg|The Neolithic]]'' map. Another theory suggests it had logically spread throughout the entire Iberian Peninsula. History tells us that even when a theory becomes difficult to dispute, other theories cannot be ruled out.<br>

Though more organised and numerous than their ancestors at this point, they were still nomads, who periodically lived in caves<div><ul style="text-align: center"> <li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align:top">[[File:Spain_The-megalithic-phenomenon_2014_map_13979_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: The megalithic phenomenon. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_The-megalithic-phenomenon_2014_map_13979_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_The-megalithic-phenomenon_2014_map_13979_eng.zip Data].]]</li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align:top">[[File:Spain_Recent-Chalcolithic. Vestiges -Regional-varieties-of huts were found near -the coasts and at -Bell--Shaped-culture_2014_map_14005_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Recent Chalcolithic. Regional varieties of the mouths of rivers where they dweltBell-Shaped culture. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Recent-Chalcolithic. Burial sites bearing funerary objects were now ubiquitous, suggesting possession -Regional-varieties-of -the capacity to think symbolically and a belief in an afterlife-Bell--Shaped-culture_2014_map_14005_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida. Corpses sprinkled with ochre powder have been found, and sometimes accompanied by traces of flower pollen, a combination which may have been a sign of family or emotional bondsdo?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Recent-Chalcolithic. The existence -Regional-varieties-of sea shells in excavation sites in -the Manzanares river basin suggests they travelled long distances and traded objects-Bell--Shaped-culture_2014_map_14005_eng.zip Data].]]</li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align:top">[[File:Ancient_Iberian_Bronze_coin.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Image: Ancient Iberian Bronze coin. Museo Nacional d´Art de Catalunya, Barcelona.]]</li></ul></div>

|tituloIt was not until 12,000-10,000 BC, that Homo sapiens realised their full artistic potential. Evidence of this resides on the East coast of the Iberian Peninsula where more modest, schematic and stylised paintings than those from the Palaeolithic were developed. As contours of discontinuous lines, the figures lack interior polychromy and are smaller in size. Human beings and animals on which they preyed were the centre piece of the art, often depicted in motion and in scenes that tell a story. These paintings were now displayed in rock shelter rather than caves, undoubtedly reflecting the change to a sedentary lifestyle. Well-preserved examples of such art can be found at the Cogull, Valltorta, and [https://m.facebook.com/watch/?v= Artistic expression 519305595439306&vanity=CMMediaes Alpera] sites as well as in cueva de la Araña.<br>Like the art in the Franco-Cantabrian region, these images were found on parietal walls throughout the Peninsula, frequently comingled with paintings and engravings from later periods. They were concentrated in three large areas: the Galician-Portuguese region, the south, and most commonly, along the East coast, so prevalent in this area that it is often referred to as “Levantine Art”.<br>Characterised by their labyrinth-shaped designs, the petroglyphs in the north and northweast are also worth mentioning, particularly those at Mogor in Marín and the anthropomorphic Ídolo de Peña Tú in Asturias. Engravings and paintings of these types represent a way of communicating that was perhaps a precursor to the Upper Paleolithicfirst pictograms.<br>}}

[[File:Enelaboracion.jpg{{ANEAutoria|right|thumb|none|300px|Map: Paleolithic art. Spain.Autores= María Sánchez Agustí, José Antonio Álvarez Castrillón, Mercedes de la Calle Carracedo, Daniel Galván Desvaux, Joaquín García Andrés, Isidoro González Gallego, Montserrat León Guerrero, Esther López Torres, Carlos Lozano Ruiz, Ignacio Martín Jiménez, Rosendo Martínez Rodríguez, Rafael de Miguel González<span style="color: #b20027; ">14802 [PDF]. [Datos]. </span>]]}}

Nevertheless, the earliest substantiated evidence of sapiens artistic expression, known as the Franco-Cantabrian style, is from the great Nordpeninsular and Nordpyrenean complexes. Works were also found in other areas such as Pileta, Maltravieso and Siega Verde. Animal figures such as bison, horses and fallow deer, and rarely humans, were the protagonists of these paintings. The images, made {{ANETextoEpigrafe|epigrafe=Experimentation with continuous lines and usually pigmented with ochre or black from iron oxide or manganese, were created in the backs of caves, perhaps to create a magical effect. They used the irregularities in the stone to give volume to and enhance the naturalism of the images. Very few portable art exist from this prehistoric time such pendants (made from stone, bone, shells, or teeth), weapons (such as harpoons and spears), or objects connoting power (canes from Caballón and Castillo), although the 6,000 engravings on the limestone caves of Cova del Parpalló make up metallurgy: the largest collection of art in Europe from this era.Bronze Age}}

{{ANEAutoria[[File:The_Bull_from_Costitx.jpg|Autores= María Sánchez Agustí, José Antonio Álvarez Castrillón, Mercedes de la Calle Carracedo, Daniel Galván Desvaux, Joaquín García Andrés, Isidoro González Gallego, Montserrat León Guerrero, Esther López Torres, Carlos Lozano Ruiz, Ignacio Martín Jiménez, Rosendo Martínez Rodríguezleft|thumb|200px|Image: The Bull from Costix. Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Rafael de Miguel González}}Madrid.]]

{{ANESubirArriba}}{{ANETextoEpigrafeIn the Second Millennium BC, population growth created a greater demand for raw materials and subsistence products, causing agricultural and livestock farming (and its by-products) to become more widespread. This still Neolithic society had already mastered metallurgical techniques and had discovered bronze, a strong alloy of copper and tin. Bronze arrived on the Peninsula through the Pyrenees in the Third Millennium BC and was used along with copper to make tools and objects, according to stratigraphic studies of the Bauma del Serrat del Pont site (Girona).<br>Trade increased during the Early Bronze Age and there are strong indications that society was becoming increasingly socially stratified. This was evidenced by the discovery of burial sites for single individuals (mainly in burial pits and megalithic cists) as well as by differences in the quality and quantity of funerary objects placed in these sites. The Argar culture, which succeeded the bell-shaped ceramic, and produced a wide range of ceramic objects, was no longer the only flourishing culture on the Peninsula, according to research carried out in the last 50 years. ''[[:File:Spain_The-Bronze-Age_2014_map_13976_eng.jpg|epigrafe=The Bronze Age]]'' map shows the emergence of a diversity of cultures chronologically beginning with the Protocogota settlements on the Nothern Plateau around 2000 BC.<br>The Neolithic slowly unfolds}}late Bronze Age began around the 11^th century BC with three different cultural currents predominating: Central European, Atlantic, and Eastern Mediterranean. With an increase in cultural exchanges, these civilisations mixed with native cultures, eventually evolving into what are known as Pre-Roman cultures. Major changes took place and new traditions arose. In the Northwest, they began to cremate their dead and leave their ashes in urnfields, while in the middle of the Peninsula and in the northern and western regions, highly sophisticated bronze weapons and objects were commercially traded. And lastly, merchants and new cultural groups arose in the Mediterranean and southern regions of the Peninsula, foreshadowing the future colonisation of these areas. Meanwhile, advances in metallurgy led to the development of goldsmithing, as evidenced by the Treasure of Villena (Alicante). Livestock routes stretching inland were also built, as revealed at some excavation sites such as Peña Negra in Crevillent (Alicante). These external influences did not, however, impede indigenous development. Examples of this can be seen from the Cogotas culture, which extended to the Douro and Tagus river basins starting in the 11^th century BC, as well as from the Talayotic culture on the Balearic Islands at the end of the Naviform period.<br>During this period emerge control walkway in livestock routes, water points, mountain passes or river fords as the Tagus River Trail. Metallurgical production sites were built to the north of the Tagus River in Portugal and along the Tinto-Odiel estuary, home to the Tartessian Civilisation during the 10^th and 11^th centuries BC. By the 8^th century BC the Atlantic metallurgy was predominant on the entire Iberian Peninsula, especially at settlements in fertile and grassy areas along the river plains. Such settlements were frequently left open and unprotected, but at other times, built inside walled enclosures. Phoenician merchants began to appear on the coasts around this precolonial period, and later, towards the end of the 7^th century BC, the Greeks.<br>

[[File:Enelaboracion{{CSS image crop|Image = Spain_The-Bronze-Age_2014_map_13976_eng.jpg|leftbSize = 300|thumbcWidth = 300|nonecHeight = 210|300pxoTop = 1|oLeft = 1|Location = center|Description = Map: The NeolithicBronze Age. Spain.<span style[//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta="color: #b20027; ">16470 [PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_The-Bronze-Age_2014_map_13976_eng.pdf PDF]. [Datos]//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida. <do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/span>]Spain_The-Bronze-Age_2014_map_13976_eng.zip Data].A plethora of technologically advanced tools and contraptions such as harpoons, spears, sickles, saws, arrows, knives, and darts have been found, which they crafted in response to forces necessitating new ways of subsistence. Stones were finely burnished to be fashioned as useful tools and microliths embedded in polished wooden handles were made with an angular shape suitable for cutting, scraping, and penetrating their prey; samples of small painted rocks depicting this phenomenon have been discovered in some settlements.}}

Evidence in three different regions has led to the identification of what has come to define the Neolithic period<div style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:top; float:left; width:39%; min-width:300px; margin:0; padding:5px; background-color:#EDEDED;"><div style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center; margin:0; padding:0;">EARLY BRONZE AGE SITES</div><div style="column-count:2; column-width:100px; margin:0; padding:5px; background-color:#ffffff; vertical-align:text-top; text-align:left; font-size:80%;"><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#7F7FB5; color:#ffffff">BRONZE AGE OF LA MANCHA</b><br>1 La Peñuela<br>2 La Morrota de los Cotos<br>3 Recuenco<br>4 Cabeza de Santa María<br>5 Los Palacios<br>6 Santa María del Retamar<br>7 Cerro del Bu<br>8 Cerro de La Encantada<br>9 Cerro del Cuchillo<br>10 Las Saladillas<br>11 El Acequión<br>12 El Quintanar<br>13 Cerro del Obispo<br>14 Cueva del Fraile<br>15 El Azuer<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#E99F3E; color:#ffffff">PROTOCOGOTAS</b><br>16 Los Tolmos<br>17 Arenero de los Vascos<br>18 Parpantique<br>19 Los Torojones<br>20 Loma del Lomo<br>21 Santioste<br>22 El Tomillar<br>23 Castillo de Cardeñosa<br>24 Necrópolis de Villalmanzo<br>25 Caserío de Perales<br>26 El Ventorro<br>27 El Tejar del Sastre<br>28 Las Pozas<br>29 Fábrica de Ladrillos<br>30 Cueva de Pedro Fernández<br>31 Castro de La Plaza<br>32 El Castillo<br>33 El Gurugú<br>34 Pico Aguilera<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#0E9E6B; color: a sedentary lifestyle, albeit initially tentative and seasonally dependant. From the Pyrenees (#ffffff">ARGAR CULTURE</b><br>35 El Argar<br>36 Fuente Álamo<br>37 El Oficio<br>38 Peñalosa<br>39 Gatas<br>40 El Picacho<br>41 Las Peñicas de Santomera<br>42 El Puntarrón Chico<br>43 Las Anchuras<br>44 Castellón Alto<br>45 Cuesta del Negro<br>46 Domingo I<br>47 Murviedro<br>48 La Bastida<br>49 Laderas del Castillo<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#D07DA7; color:#ffffff">SOUTHWEST BRONZE</b><br>50 Ferradeira<br>51 Punta Atalaia<br>52 Huelva<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#AD0C14; color:#ffffff">VALENCIAN BRONZE</b><br>53 Ereta del Pedregal<br>54 La Mola de Agrés<br>55 La Loma de Betxí<br>56 Terlinques<br>57 San Antón de Orihuela<br>58 Tabayá<br>59 Mas d´Azil site in France) and extending to the entire septentrion, the Azilian cultures predominated, particularly the Asturian culture. This civilisation can be characterised by their tools, such as the de Menente<br>60 Mas del Corral<br>61 Cabezo Redondo<br>62 Peña Negra<br>63 Los Saladares<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#C5D5A8; color:#ffffff">NORTHWEST BRONZE</b><br>64 Agro de Nogueira<br>65 Fixón-Costa da Seixeira<br>66 Sola<br>67 Bouça da Cova da Moura<br>68 Cimalha<br>69 Erosa<br>70 Fraga dos Corvos<br>71 Caldas de Reis<br>72 Gandón<br>73 Mina del Milagro<br>74 Mina del Aramo<br>75 A Devesa de Abaixo<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#CD7221; color:#ffffff"Asturian pick>EBRO VALLEY BRONZE</b><br>76 Moncín<br>77 Cerro del Castillo de Frías<br>78 Monte Aguilar<br><br><b style=", and shell fishing lifestyle, as evidenced by an accumulation of seashells, named padding:3px; background-color:#0C577F; color:#ffffff"concheros>CANTABRO-PYRENEAN AND CATALAN AREA</b><br>79 Osona<br>80 Porta Lloret<br>81 Bauma del Serrat del Pont<br>82 Cueva de Santimamiñe<br>83 Los Husos<br><br><b style=". On the East coast and stretching inland to the Ebro Valley, farming communities appeared along with microlayered and geometric tools. And on the Atlantic coast and reaching to the Algarve, there is evidence of wetland mollusc collecting and manpadding:3px; background-made huts, suggesting a flourishing coastal maritime lifestyle.color:#22AFE4; color:#ffffff">BALEARIC BRONZE</b><br>84 Es Figueral de Son Real<br>85 Els Tudons<br>86 Son Mercer de Baix<br><br></div></div>

The arrival of the Neolithic, a time period measured in milennia, signalled the transition from a hunter<div style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:top; float:left; width:59%; min-width:300px; margin:0; padding:5px; background-color:#EDEDED;"><div style="font-size:100%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center; margin:0; padding:0;">LATE BRONZE AGE SITES</div><div style="column-count:3; column-width:100px; margin:0; padding:5px; background-color:#ffffff; vertical-align:text-gatherer to a progressively agrarian and ranching lifestyle with permanent dwellings. This monumental, evolutionary change began with formation of the largest rivers in Asia and the Nile in Africa caused by climate change during the Holocene. This extensive period marked such a significant transformation in human history that in order to characterise it appropriately, it is referred to as the top; text-align:left; font-size:80%;"Neolithic Revolution><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#D7791F; color:#ffffff">URNFIELDS</b><br>87 Agullana<br>88 Molá<br>89 Can Missert<br>90 Pontós<br>91 Els Vilars<br>92 Roquizal del Rullo<br>93 Cabezo Sellado<br>94 Cabezo de Monleón<br>95 Los Castellets II<br>96 Punta Farisa<br>97 Genó<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#9ACDA4; color:#ffffff">ATLANTIC BRONZE</b><br>98 Rianxo<br>99 Caldas de Reis<br>100 Baiöes<br>101 Roça do Casal do Meio<br>102 Valcorchero<br>103 Cueva de Boquique<br>104 Berzocana<br>105 Sagrajas<br>106 Bodonal de la Sierra<br>107 Torrejón el Rubio<br>108 Valencia de Alcántara<br>109 Brozas<br>110 Zarza de Montánchez<br>111 Solana de Cabañas<br>112 Alburquerque<br>113 Ría de Huelva<br>114 Cueva de la Cancela<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#7DCCDD; color:#ffffff">SOUTHEASTLEVANT BRONZE</b><br>115 El Picacho<br>116 Cerro de la Encina<br>117 Cerro del Real<br>118 Peña Negra<br>119 Los Saladares<br>120 Villena<br>121 Murviedro<br>122 La Gorriquía<br>123 Campos<br>124 Las Alparatas<br>125 Cañada del Palmar<br>126 Totana<br>127 Diezma<br>128 Baza<br>129 Arroyo Molinos<br>130 Cerro Alcalá<br>131 Guadix<br>132 Campotéjar<br>133 Caramoro II<br>134 Herrerías<br>135 El Macalón<br>136 Cerro de la Mora<br>137 Gatas<br>138 El Peñón de la Reina<br>139 Cobatillas la Vieja<br>140 El Castellar<br>141 Parazuelos<br>142 Cova d’en Pardo<br>143 Cueva del Alto<br>144 Cueva de las Delicias<br>145 Cueva de los Hermanillos<br>146 Llano de los Ceperos<br>147 Collado y Pinar de Santa Ana<br>148 Domingo I<br>149 Qurénima<br>150 Caldero de Mojácar<br>151 Barranco Hondo<br>152 Cerro de los Infantes<br>153 Les Moreres<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#F6A73E; color:#ffffff">COGOTAS</b><br>154 Cogotas<br>155 El Negralejo<br>156 Fábrica de Ladrillos<br>157 Caserío de Perales<br>158 Ecce Homo<br>159 La Muela<br>160 San Román de Hornija<br>161 Huerta de Arriba<br>162 El Cerro<br>163 Tres Chopos-Abarre<br>164 Carricastro<br>165 El Gurugú<br>166 Los Rompizales<br>167 Teso del Cuerno<br>168 Carrelasvegas<br>169 El Pelambre<br>170 La Huelga<br>171 La Muela de Galve<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#21BBF1; color:#ffffff">TALAYOTIC</b><br>172 Son Catlar<br>173 Torralba d’en Salort<br>174 Torrellafuda<br>175 Torretrencada<br>176 Ses Païsses<br>177 Capocorb Vell<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#017AC3; color:#ffffff">CANTABRIAN AREA</b><br>178 Los Husos<br>179 Axtroki<br>180 La Hoya<br>181 Alto de la Cruz<br>182 Puy Águila<br>183 Santimamiñe<br>184 Lumentxa<br>185 Los Goros<br>186 Mina Castillejos<br>187 Los Oscos<br>188 Larón<br>189 Caldueño<br>190 Santullano<br>191 El Juyo<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#CA3289; color:#ffffff". With this change, came a sedentary lifestyle, architecture, social hierarchies, religions, and technological innovations.>SOUTHWEST BRONZE</b><br>192 Cerro Salomón<br>193 Tejada la Vieja<br>194 Niebla<br>195 Huelva<br>196 San Bartolomé<br>197 Setefilla<br>198 Carmona<br>199 Montemolín<br>200 El Berrueco<br>201 Llanete de los Moros<br>202 Colina de los Quemados<br><br></div></div>

<div><ul style{{clear}} {{ANEAutoria|Autores="text-align: center"> María Sánchez Agustí, José Antonio Álvarez Castrillón, Mercedes de la Calle Carracedo, Daniel Galván Desvaux, Joaquín García Andrés, Isidoro González Gallego, Montserrat León Guerrero, Esther López Torres, Carlos Lozano Ruiz, Ignacio Martín Jiménez, Rosendo Martínez Rodríguez, Rafael de Miguel González}} {{ANESubirArriba}} <li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align:top">{{ANETextoEpigrafe[[File:Enelaboracion.jpg|left|thumb|none|300px|Mapepigrafe=A prelude to societal and territorial reorganisation: The Megalithic phenomenon. Spain.the Iron Age<span style="color: #b20027; ">13979 [PDF]. [Datos]. </span>]]}}

</li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align:top">[[File:EnelaboracionBelt_from_Aliseda_Hoard.jpg|leftright|thumb|none200px|300px|MapImage: Recent ChalcolithicBelt from Aliseda Hoard. Regional varieties of the bell-shaped culture. Spain.<span style="color: #b20027; ">14005 [PDF]. [Datos]Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid. </span>]]

</li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align:top">[[File:Enelaboracion.jpg|left|thumb|none|200px|Image: Ancient The dawning of the Iron Age on the Peninsula meant a new era in the Neolithic, but it did not lead to significant cultural changes for the people who settled on the Iberian Bronze coin. Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya, Barcelona<span style="color: #b20027; ">xxx [PDF]. [Datos]Peninsula at that time. </span>]]

<[[File:Iberian-Peninsula--south_Tartessian-culture_2014_map_16028_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Tartessian culture. Iberian Peninsula, south. [/li></ul><centrodedescargas.cnig.es/div>CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Iberian-Peninsula--south_Tartessian-culture_2014_map_16028_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Iberian-Peninsula--south_Tartessian-culture_2014_map_16028_eng.zip Data].]]

{{CSS image crop|contenidoImage =Spain_Early-Iron-Age_2014_map_13977_eng.jpg|bSize = 300|cWidth = 300|cHeight = 210|oTop = 1|oLeft = 1|Location = center|Description = Map: Early Iron Age. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Early-Iron-Age_2014_map_13977_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Early-Iron-Age_2014_map_13977_eng.zip Data].}}

[[File<div style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:top; float:Enelaboracion.jpg|left|thumb|none|; width:100%; min-width:300px|Map; margin:0; padding:5px; background-color:#EDEDED;"><div style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center; margin:0; padding:0;">EARLY IRON AGE SITES</div><div style="column-count:6; column-width:100px; margin:0; padding:5px; background-color:#ffffff; vertical-align:text-top; text-align:left; font-size:80%;"><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#E4422B; color:#ffffff">PHOENICIAN SETTLEMENTS</b><br>1 Gadir<br>2 Tavira<br>3 Cerro del Prado<br>4 Cerro del Villar<br>5 Toscanos<br>6 Malaka<br>7 Sexi<br>8 Abdera<br>9 Abul<br>10 Baria<br>11 La Fontela<br>12 Eivissa<br>13 Las Chorreras<br>14 Morro de Mezquitilla<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#E74129; color:#ffffff">CULTURES UNDER PHOENICIAN INFLUENCE</b><br>15 Alpiarca<br>16 Torres Vedras<br>17 Alcácer do Sal<br>18 Sines<br>19 Ourique<br>20 Torre de Doña Blanca<br>21 Huelva<br>22 Medellín<br>23 Cancho Roano<br>24 La Aliseda<br>25 Castro Marim<br>26 Galera<br>27 Monachil<br>28 Peña Negra<br>29 Los Saladares<br>30 Loma del Boliche<br>31 Cañada del Palmar<br>32 Les Moreres<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#EF87A8; color:#ffffff">TARTESSIAN AREA</b><br>33 Cástulo<br>34 Riotinto<br>35 Niebla<br>36 Setefilla<br>37 Valencina de la Concepción<br>38 Carambolo<br>39 Carmona<br>40 Acebuchal<br>41 Utrera<br>42 Osuna<br>43 Estepa<br>44 Trebujena<br>45 Mesas de Asta<br>46 Churriana<br>47 Chipiona<br>48 Ébora<br>49 Cabezo de la Esperanza<br>50 San Pedro<br>51 La Joya<br>52 Colina de los Quemados<br>53 Lebrija<br>54 Tharsis<br>55 Andújar<br>56 Castellones<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#80C9DC; color:#ffffff">PROTO-COLONIAL INFLUENCES</b><br>57 Vinaragell II<br>58 Los Saladares<br>59 Burriana<br>60 Santa Catalina del Monte<br>61 El Castellar<br>62 El Murtal<br>63 San Cristóbal<br>64 Tossal-Redó<br>65 Mas de Flandi<br>66 Els Castellans<br>67 Les Ombries<br>68 Azaila<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#2285AF; color:#ffffff">GREEK SETTLEMENTS</b><br>69 Emporiom<br>70 Rhode<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#86516D; color:#ffffff">CULTURES UNDER GREEK INFLUENCE</b><br>71 Alonis<br>72 Mainake<br>73 Ullastret<br>74 Puig de Sant Andreu<br>75 Bolbax<br>76 Verdolay<br>77 Cabezo del Tío Pío<br>78 Castillico de las Peñas<br>79 El Cigarralejo<br>80 Cobatillas<br>81 Coimbra de Barranco Ancho<br>82 Los Molinicos<br>83 Los Nietos<br>84 Coy<br><br><b style="padding: Levantine and schematic rock art. Spain.3px; background-color:#7E5CA6; color:#ffffff">SORIAN HILLFORTS CULTURE</b><br>85 El Pico<br>86 El Puntal<br>87 Cerro de la Calderuela<br>88 Alto del Arenal<br>89 Arévalo de la Sierra<br>90 Cabrejas<br>91 Los Castillejos<br>92 El Castillo<br>93 El Castillejo<br>94 Zarranzano<br>95 Castillejo<br>96 Valdeavellano de Tera<span br>97 El Collado<br>98 Castilfrío de la Sierra<br>99 Castilviejo de Guijosa<br>100 La Coronilla<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color: #b20027AC9993; color:#ffffff">14803 [PDF]. [Datos]. SOUTHERN PLATEAU GROUPS</b><br>101 Cerro de las Nieves<br>102 El Navazo<br>103 Madrigueras<br>104 Soto del Hinojar<br>105 Puente Largo de Jarama<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#86BB39; color:#ffffff">ATLANTIC CULTURES</b><br>106 Monte O Facho<br>107 Castromao<br>108 Cameixa<br>109 Borneiro<br>110 Torroso<br>111 A Forca<br>112 Taboexa<br>113 Chao Samartín<br>114 As Croas<br>115 Neixón Pequeno<br>116 Penarrubia<br>117 Camoca<br>118 Campa Torres<br>119 Nossa Senhora de Guia<br>120 Monte do Frade<br>121 Moreirinha<br>122 Lois<br>123 Os Castros<br>124 Picu Castiellu de Moriyón<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#D87A23; color:#ffffff">LATE BURIAL URNFIELDS</b><br>125 Agullana<br>126 El Molà<br>127 San Antonio<br>128 La Pedrera<br>129 Cabezo de Monleón<br>130 Almohaja de Bezas<br>131 Palermo<br>132 San Cristóbal<br>133 Loma de los Brunos<br>134 Roquizal del Rullo<br>135 Alto de la Cruz<br>136 El Convento<br>137 Morredón<br>138 La Cruz<br>139 Zaforas<br>140 Partelapeña<br>141 La Coronilla<br>142 Santa Ana<br>143 Fila de la Muela<br>144 Besodia<br>145 Montefiu<br>146 Roques de Sant Formatge<br>147 Puntual<br>148 Azaila<br>149 Pajaroncillo<br>150 Pic dels Corbs<br>151 Cavanes<br>152 Salzadella<br>153 Vinaragell<br>154 Gatas<br>155 Henayo<br>156 La Hoya<br>157 Castillo de Henayo<br>158 Alto de la Cruz<br>159 Gastiburu<br>160 Intxur<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#C63729; color:#ffffff">SOTO DE MEDINILLA CULTURES</b><br>161 Quintana de Fon<br>162 Castrillo de Polvazares<br>163 Villazala del Páramo<br>164 Castrotierra<br>165 Barrientos<br>166 Castro del Morión<br>167 Regueras de Arriba<br>168 San Martín de Torres<br>169 Castrocalbón<br>170 San Pedro de la Viña<br>171 San Juan de Torres<br>172 Valencia de Don Juan<br>173 Villafañe<br>174 Santa María del Río<br>175 Saldaña<br>176 Pedrosa de la Vega<br>177 Carrión de los Condes<br>178 Ardón<br>179 Gusendos de los Oteros<br>180 Valderas<br>181 Gordaliza de la Loma<br>182 Mayorga de Campos<br>183 Castrobol<br>184 Villavicencio de los Caballeros<br>185 Castroponce<br>186 Melgar de Arriba<br>187 Melgar de Abajo<br>188 Villacarralón<br>189 Cisneros<br>190 Villanueva de la Condesa<br>191 Paredes de Nava<br>192 Herrín de Campos<br>193 Villacid de Campos<br>194 Cuenca de Campos<br>195 Moral de la Reina<br>196 Tamariz de Campos<br>197 Castromocho<br>198 Aguilar de Campos<br>199 Villafrechós<br>200 Villanueva de San Mancio<br>201 Medina de Rioseco<br>202 Tordehumos<br>203 Villagarcía de Campos<br>204 Torrelobatón<br>205 Mota del Marqués<br>206 El Soto de Medinilla<br>207 Castronuevo de Esgueva<br>208 Renedo<br>209 Villabáñez<br>210 San Martín de Valvení<br>211 Olmos de Esgueva<br>212 Valoria la Buena<br>213 Amusquillo<br>214 Piñel de Abajo<br>215 Pesquera de Duero<br>216 Curiel<br>217 Roa<br>218 Padilla de Duero<br>219 Santibáñez de Valcorba<br>220 Montemayor de Pililla<br>221 Cogeces del Monte<br>222 Tudela de Duero<br>223 Simancas<br>224 Pollos<br>225 Valdestillas<br>226 Matapozuelos<br>227 Santiago del Arroyo<br>228 Foncastín<br>229 Medina del Campo<br>230 Alcazarén<br>231 El Campillo<br>232 Gomeznarro<br>233 Almenara de Adaja<br>234 Coca<br>235 Cuéllar<br>236 Ayllón<br>237 Langa de Duero<br>238 Pinilla Trasmonte<br>239 Solarana<br>240 Lara de los Infantes<br>241 Palenzuela<br>242 Santa María del Campo<br>243 Castrojeriz<br>244 Los Ausines<br>245 Ubierna<br>246 Camarzana de Tera<br>248 Castropepe<br>249 Barcial del Barco<br>247 Castrogonzalo<br>250 Bretó<br>251 Arrabalde<br>252 Valdunquillo<br>253 Fuentes de Ropel<br>254 Revellinos<br>255 Villafáfila<br>256 Villalpando<br>257 Bolaños de Campos<br>258 Villanueva de los Caballeros<br>259 Castromembibre<br>260 Carbajales de Alba<br>261 Abezames<br>262 Pinilla de Toro<br>263 Molacillos<br>264 Ricobayo<br>265 Madridanos<br>266 Villalazán<br>267 La Tuda<br></div></spandiv>]]

Like the art in the Franco-Cantabrian region{{ANEAutoria|Autores= María Sánchez Agustí, these images were found on parietal walls throughout the PeninsulaJosé Antonio Álvarez Castrillón, frequently comingled with paintings and engravings from later periods. They were concentrated in three large areas: the Galician-Portuguese regionMercedes de la Calle Carracedo, the southDaniel Galván Desvaux, and most commonlyJoaquín García Andrés, along the East coastIsidoro González Gallego, so prevalent in this area that it is often referred to as “Levantine Art”.Montserrat León Guerrero, Esther López Torres, Carlos Lozano Ruiz, Ignacio Martín Jiménez, Rosendo Martínez Rodríguez, Rafael de Miguel González}}

Characterised by their labyrinth-shaped designs, the petroglyphs in the north and northweast are also worth mentioning, particularly those at Mogor in Marín and the anthropomorphic Ídolo de Peña Tú in Asturias. Engravings and paintings of these types represent a way of communicating that was perhaps a precursor to the first pictograms.{{ANESubirArriba}}

{{ANETextoDestacadoANETextoEpigrafe|epigrafe=Cultural areas and Pre-Roman civilisation}}

|titulo=The beginning During the Early Iron Age (or Iron Age I), despite the peculiarities of the individual communities located on the Peninsula, these groups shared a common culture with its own customs and traditions, which they managed to sustain even in the face of constant influences from the outside world. Asian influences were felt on the Andalusian, southeastern and eastern coasts, slowly spreading to the farthest stretches of the Peninsula, even to areas difficult to access from the coastlines.<br>Archaeological evidence regarding early Phoenician presence on the Peninsula reveals they had already started establishing commercial contacts in the area before the 8^th century BC or precolonial era. Asthe Phoenicians began to permanently settle in the southwestern reaches of the use territory and gain control of copperthis area sometime after the 7^th century BC, close trading relations were gradually developed with the Punic cities of the Near East and Northern Africa. A network of commercial trading routes was established. Their products were exported from their Metropoli to the Iberian Peninsula through developing markets on the Iberian coasts, expanding into the interior.

[[File:The_Lady_of_Baza_Dama_de_Baza.jpg|right|thumb|300px|contenido=In the beginning Image: The Lady of the Third Millennium BC, the use of copper, a new raw material, was becoming widespread throughout EuropeBaza (Dama de Baza). It was relatively abundant on the Peninsula and could be extracted from the ground. This sparked the beginning of the Chalcolithic or Copper AgeMuseo Arqueológico Nacional, the first of the traditionally recognised Metal Ages.Awls, hooks, flat axes, knives, daggers, halberds, personalised adornments made from copper appeared. Bone and stone were gradually replaced by copper, which led to new manufacturing techniques as well as new ways of livingMadrid.]]

Fortified settlements The colonisations of the areas around Huelva and the Lower Guadalquivir facilitated the growth of the Tartessian culture (it has been spoken about the kingdom of the Tartessos and even about some of its kings) in the Early Iron Age or Iron Age I. This historical and cultural development featured profound changes in the region's indigenous societies. In the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age I, they transitioned to mining and exploiting the land in the Guadalquivir valley for agricultural purposes, making necessary frequent exchanges and other forms of social interactions. Growing cultural, social and economic influences from the Eastern Mediterranean were now being constructed high up becoming evident in these communities. This phenomenon is both evidenced by and attributable to the importation of ceramics, objects made of precious metals, fabrics, oil, and wine.<br>The Tartessian civilisation, initially limited to the areas along the Tinto, Odiel and lower Guadalquivir rivers, as can be seen on plateausthe map ''[[:File:Spain_Early-Iron-Age_2014_map_13977_eng.jpg|Early Iron Age]]'', expanded throughout the southern reaches of the Peninsula to the mouths of the Guadiana and Segura Rivers. The most notable examples influence of this were the Tartessian culture had also spanned the southeastern part of Los Millares the Peninsula, the southern eastern region, the southern coast of Portugal and subsequentlythe interior of Andalusia. Remnants of a Tartessian capital, or of a cultural epicentre have yet to be found despite a tireless search by archaeologists.<br>Meanwhile, the centre of the Peninsula was much slower to adapt to the technological changes taking place, and as a consequence, its populations did not experience the Argar same level of growth and prosperity as their counterparts in the south. The central territory eventually began to be populated by small fortified villages. An example of this is the Soto de Medinilla culture (Almeriawhich is named after the most thoroughly studied settlement in Valladolid) and Zambujal in Torres Vedras the Douro Valley.<br>By the Iron Age II (Portugal500 BC, many years before Romanisation), which the use of iron was widespread throughout the Peninsula, greatly increasing the number and variety of available tools. At the same time, new social and economic structures arose on the Peninsula, built on foundations laid from the peoples of the previous era. These cultural and territorial changes were described by Greco-Latin writers, particularly by Pliny and Strabo. The process of acculturation initiated subsequently by Rome was influenced by these Iberian developments.<br>Historians and archaeologists have pointed out the most magnificent architectural settlements difficulty of linking the data from material remains to information provided by historiographic or literary sources because the information is often confusing and contradictory. Nevertheless, the field of archaeology is making a concerted effort to identify the geographic distribution of Pre-Roman communities based on data obtained from research, as illustrated on the map ''[[:File:Spain_Late-Iron-Age.-Pre--Roman-peoples_2014_map_13985_eng.jpg|Late Iron Age. Pre-Roman peoples]]''.<br>The map shows the location of the major archaeological settlement sites identified on the Chalcolithic Iberian Peninsulacompared to the areas traditionally ascribed to the principle ethnic groups in archaeological literature. HoweverThis map and its associated information, should be read and interpreted recognising that the borders of the areas occupied by these population groups are generally loosely defined since there were constant social and economic interactions between their respective populations. As a consequence of such interaction over the centuries, most communities these areas were still typically found constantly expanding and contracting over the centuries, inevitably producing border uncertainty. The Lusitanian and Veton population groups are examples of this.<br>In the south and east, the influence of Colonial Greek acculturation on pre-existing populations varying in social status, led to the eventual establishment of a unified Iberian culture, made up of different groups such as the Turdetani, Bastetani, Oretani, Turduli, Contestani, Edetani, Ilercaones, Ilergetae, Cessetani, Laietani, Indiketes and Sedetani. Its preponderance in the flatlands Peninsula (particularly on river terraces not in vain named Iberian), is explained by its intense commercial activity, the refinement of agricultural techniques, and its specialization in valleystypically Mediterranean crops (cereals, vines, olive trees), as well as by the development of specialized iron metallurgy and the growth of its population, which were gives the entire Mediterranean coastline a higher population density. Their acts of worship and funerary rituals (cremation) reveal a well-structured social hierarchy and a more suitable for farming or raising livestockadvanced society. With the introduction of palatial sistem, the peoples of this Iberian culture began the process of urbanisation. Excavations at these sites have unearthed grain storesThey produced important works of art like The Ladies (''damas'') of Elche (Alicante), landfillsBaza (Granada), store roomsGuardamar (Cabezo Lucero, ditches Alicante) and pits at these sites dating from this same time periodCerro de los Santos (a lost sanctuary near Yecla). These societies They also left behind an extensive fields created high quality metal works of ring-diches which served gold and silver, as storage pits, particularly can be seen by treasures found at les Jovades en Concentaina site, in Jávea (Alicante ) and at Cástulo and Linares (Jaén). Moreover, they had an alphabet, albeit not fully unravelled which spread to the south of France and was used until it was replaced, during the Ventorro site in Madridperiod of Romanisation, by the Latin language and alphabet. Notable exceptions to <br>The rest of the settlements on Peninsula reflected a conglomeration of indo-European-rooted peoples some more influenced by the plains Celts than others. There were those in caves or rock shelter such as on the Plateau: Celtiberi, Vaccaei and Vettones; on the Atlantic coast: Celtici of the cova des Moro in Manacor southwest, Lusitani and Callaeci (MallorcaNorthwest hillforts groups) or cova des Fum ; and in the north, Astures, Cantabri, Autrigones, Varduli, Caristii and Berones. The Vascones located in Formentera or Estremera the Navarran Pyrenees, were also in Madridthe north. Collective burying <br>The most recent research on the geographical distribution of their dead and the construction of megalithic burial chambers typical population on the Iberian Peninsula during the Iron Age II shows an overall gradual population increase throughout the territory attributable to the expansion of walled settlements (where population tended to concentrate), although the Late Neolithic continued growth varied from region to be common region. Many of these communities arose starting in the southeast, southwest2^nd century BC with the creation of ''Oppida'', Northern Plateau authenthic urban centres with administrative functions and northwest territorial power. These ''Oppida'' eventually became ''civitates'' with the Roman occupation of the Peninsula. These customs endured until Life was pastoral and reliant on subsistence farming, primarily involving dried grains, particularly in the Douro and Ebro river basins. There were notable developments in ceramics and metallurgy (particularly for weapons, fibulas, and bracelets) and in the growth and expansion of commercial trade. Noteworthy examples evidencing significant artistic advancement include rock sculptures of boars made (''verracos'') by the Vetton culture and the introduction monolithic stone discs of bell-shaped ceramic pots, which then allowed them to bury just a single individualthe Cantabrian stela.<br>

Despite regional variations in dating and definitively describing the period known as the Copper Age, it can be roughly classified into two periods: the Early Chalcolithic, dating from the first half of the Third Millennium (starting in 2250 BC) and the Late Chalcolithic, occurring from 2250 BC to 1900 BC. In the latter period, new ceramic pots began to appear in communities throughout Europe, allowing for more efficient preservation, storage, and transportation of goods. They were made by hand, generally with red clay, in an inverted bell shape, and then elaborately decorated with horizontal bands containing geometric or shell-shaped patterns, impressed or cut with combs or cords, and sometimes glazed. On the Peninsula, this pottery was initially decorated with international designs, referred to as Maritime, Corded or Mixed (2200-2150 BC), but later, a diverse array of regional designs appeared.{{clear}}

{{ANEAutoriaCSS image crop|Image = Spain_Late-Iron-Age.-Pre--Roman-peoples_2014_map_13985_eng.jpg|bSize = 300|AutorescWidth = María Sánchez Agustí, José Antonio Álvarez Castrillón, Mercedes de la Calle Carracedo, Daniel Galván Desvaux, Joaquín García Andrés, Isidoro González Gallego, Montserrat León Guerrero, Esther López Torres, Carlos Lozano Ruiz, Ignacio Martín Jiménez, Rosendo Martínez Rodríguez, Rafael de Miguel González}}300{{ANESubirArriba}}|cHeight = 210{{ANETextoEpigrafe|oTop = 1|epigrafeoLeft =Experimentation with metallurgy1|Location = center|Description = Map: the Bronze Late Iron Age. Pre-Roman peoples. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Late-Iron-Age.-Pre--Roman-peoples_2014_map_13985_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Late-Iron-Age.-Pre--Roman-peoples_2014_map_13985_eng.zip Data].}}

In the Second Millennium BC, population growth created a greater demand for raw materials and subsistence products, causing agricultural and livestock farming (and its by<div style="display:inline-products) to become more widespread. This still Neolithic society had already mastered metallurgical techniques and had discovered bronze, a strong alloy of copper and tin. Bronze arrived on the Peninsula through the Pyrenees in the Third Millennium BC and was used along with copper to make tools and objects, according to stratigraphic studies of the Bauma block; vertical-align:top; float:left; width:29%; min-width:300px; margin:0; padding:5px; background-color:#EDEDED;"><div style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center; margin:0; padding:0;">IBERIAN AREA SITES</div><div style="column-count:2; column-width:100px; margin:0; padding:5px; background-color:#ffffff; vertical-align:text-top; text-align:left; font-size:80%;"><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#009651; color:#ffffff">TURDETANI</b><br>1 Tejada la Nueva<br>2 La Atalayuela<br>3 Vico<br>4 Alhonoz<br>5 Pajar de Artillo<br>6 Cerro Macareno<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#F0803E; color:#ffffff">BASTETANI</b><br>7 Basti<br>8 Tutugi<br>9 Las Cabezuelas<br>10 Los Nietos<br>11 Los Villaricos<br>12 Los Molinicos<br>13 Molata de Casa Vieja<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#FFCB05; color:#ffffff">ORETANI</b><br>14 Oreto-Zuqueca<br>15 Alarcos<br>16 Calatrava la Vieja<br>17 Cerro de las Cabezas<br>18 Sisapo<br>19 Mantesa Oretana<br>20 Cástulo<br>21 Giribaile<br>22 Puente Tablas<br>23 Cueva de la Lobera<br>24 Collado de los Jardines<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#BDCF01; color:#ffffff">TURDULI</b><br>25 La Mesilla<br>26 Tabla de las Cañas<br>27 Peñón del Pez<br>28 Cerro Cogolludo<br>29 Dehesillas<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#C63729; color:#ffffff">CONTESTANI</b><br>30 Tossal de Manises<br>31 Monforte del Cid<br>32 La Alcudia<br>33 La Serreta<br>34 El Puig<br>35 Illeta dels Bayets<br>36 El Amarejo<br>37 El Tolmo de Minateda<br>38 Pozo Moro<br>39 Coimbra del Barranco Ancho<br>40 La Senda<br>41 El Cigarralejo<br>42 Cerro de la Luz<br>43 Cobatillas la Vieja<br>44 Castillico de las Peñas<br>45 Cabezo del Tío Pío<br>46 Llano de la Consolación<br>47 Los Villares<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#2580C6; color:#ffffff">EDETANI</b><br>48 Sant Miquel<br>49 Arse<br>50 Sucro<br>51 Corral de Saus<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#009651; color:#ffffff">ILERCAONES</b><br>52 Sant Miquel<br>53 Castellet de Banyoles<br>54 Coll del Serrat Moro<br>55 La Moleta del Pont site (Girona).Remei<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#F0803E; color:#ffffff">ILERGETAE</b><br>56 Iltirta<br>57 Els Villars<br>58 Moli d’Espigol<br>59 Olriols<br>60 La Vispesa<br>61 Tozal de Monderes<br>62 La Codera<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#FFCB05; color:#ffffff">CESSETANI</b><br>63 Kesse<br>64 Calafell<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#BDCF01; color:#ffffff">LAIETANI</b><br>65 Turó d’en Boscà<br>66 Ca n’Oliver<br>67 Puig Castelar<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#C63729; color:#ffffff">INDIKETES</b><br>68 Ullastret<br>69 Castell<br>70 Puig Castellet<br>71 Mas Castellar<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#2580C6; color:#ffffff">SEDETANI</b><br>72 Salduie<br>73 Cabezo de Alcalá<br>74 El Taratrato<br>75 San Antonio<br>76 Cabezo de San Pedro<br>77 El Castelillo<br>78 Kelse<br><br></div></div>

[[File<div style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:top; float:left; width:69%; min-width:300px; margin:0; padding:5px; background-color:#EDEDED;"><div style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center; margin:0; padding:0;">CELTIC AREA SITES</div><div style="column-count:4; column-width:100px; margin:0; padding:5px; background-color:#ffffff; vertical-align:text-top; text-align:left; font-size:80%;"><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#009651; color:#ffffff">CELTIBERI</b><br>79 Turiasu<br>80 Arcobriga<br>81 Mundobriga<br>82 Bílbilis<br>83 Ocilis<br>84 Segóbriga<br>85 Bursada<br>86 Contrebia<br>87 El Convento<br>88 Calagurris<br>89 Botorrita<br>90 Numancia<br>91 Herrera de los Navarros<br>92 Fuentes Claras<br>93 Peñalba de Villastar<br>94 Alto Chacón<br>95 La Caridad<br>96 Puntal del Tío Garrillas<br>97 Iniesta<br>98 La Guardia<br>99 Barchín del Hoyo<br>100 Segeda<br>101 Piquete de la Atalaya<br>102 La Oruña<br>103 Uxama<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#F0803E; color:#ffffff">VACCAEI</b><br>104 Pintia<br>105 Olivares de Duero<br>106 Simancas<br>107 Montealegre de Campos<br>108 Cerro de la Ermita<br>109 Matapozuelos<br>110 Melgar de Abajo<br>111 Los Azafranales<br>112 Plaza del Castillo<br>113 Cuetos de la Estación<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#FFCB05; color:#ffffff">VETTONES</b><br>114 Las Cogotas<br>115 Los Castillejos<br>116 La Mesa de Miranda<br>117 Cerro de San Vicente<br>118 Obila<br>119 Cáparra<br>120 Ulaca<br>121 El Raso<br>122 Las Merchanas<br>123 Yecla<br>124 Irueña<br>125 El Castillo<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#BDCF01; color:#ffffff">LUSITANI-VETTON AREA</b><br>126 Alto do Corregidor<br>127 Castelo<br>128 São Martinho<br>129 Foz da Côa<br>130 Villasviejas del Tamuja<br>131 El Castillejo<br>132 El Berrocalillo<br>133 Castillejo de la Orden<br>134 Castillejo de Valdecañas<br>135 El Cofre<br>136 El Castillejo<br>137 Sierra de Santa Marina<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#C63729; color:#ffffff">CARPETANI</b><br>138 Cerro de la Gavia<br>139 Llano de la Horca<br>140 Fuente de la Mora<br>141 Miralrío<br>142 Cerro del Ecce Homo<br>143 Castro de la Dehesa de la Oliva<br>144 El Cerrón<br>145 Cerro del Gollino<br>146 Plaza de Moros<br>147 Cerro del Tío Calderico<br>148 Cerro de las Nieves<br>149 Laminium<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#2580C6; color:#ffffff">CELTICI OF THE SOUTHWEST</b><br>150 Castelo Velho<br>151 Segovia<br>152 Garvão<br>153 Corvo-Neves I<br>154 Castelho de Mértola<br>155 Castelho da Amendoeira<br>156 Atafona<br>157 Sierra del Coto<br>158 Castrejón de Capote<br>159 Castillo de Jerez<br>160 Castillejos<br>161 La Alcazaba de Badajoz<br>162 El Castañuelo<br>163 Castro de la Ermita de Belén<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:Enelaboracion.jpg|right|thumb|none|200px|Image#009651; color:The Bull from Costix. Museo arqueológico Nacional, Madrid#ffffff">CALLAECI (NORTHWEST HILLFORTS GROUPS)</b><br>164 Saceda<br>165 San Millán<br>166 Mosteiro<br>167 Laias<br>168 San Cibrán<br>169 Novás<br>170 Santa Trega<br>171 Briteiros<br>172 Sanfins<br>173 Lanhoso<br>174 Sao Julião<br>175 Muro da Pastoria<br>176 Vilarinho das Paranheiras<br>177 Cossourado<br>178 Castro de Ortov<br>179 Elviña<br>180 Meirás<br>181 Lanzada<br>182 Borneiro<br>183 Viladonga<br>184 Vilela<br>185 Neixón Grande<br>186 Vigo<br>187 Troña<br>188 Punta<br>dos Prados<br>189 A Graña Barán<br>190 Castro da Torre<br>191 O Achadizo<br>192 Castro do Vilar<br>193 As Grovas<br>194 Formigueiros<br>195 O Facho<br>196 A Ourela<br>197 Socastro<br>198 San Tomé de Nogueira<br>199 Punta Cociñadoiro<br>200 Valdamio<br>201 O Peto<br>202 Follente<br>203 Croa do Ladrido<br>204 Fazouro<br>205 Punta do Castro<br>206 A Devesa<br>207 Castro de Rei<br>208 Montealegre<br>209 Curalha<br><br><span b style="padding:3px; background-color: #b20027F0803E; color:#ffffff">xxx [PDF]. [Datos]. AUTRIGONES</spanb><br>210 Arce-Mirapérez<br>211 Castros de Lastra<br>212 Alto de Rodilla (Tritium)<br>213 Monte San Juan (Virovesca)<br>]]Trade increased during the Early Bronze Age and there are strong indications that society was becoming increasingly socially stratified. This was evidenced by the discovery of burial sites for single individuals 214 Cerro del Milagro (mainly in burial pits and megalithic cistsSalionca) as well as by differences in the quality and quantity of funerary objects placed in these sites. The Argar culture, which succeeded the bell<br>215 Necrópolis de Miraveche<br>216 Monte Socueto<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#FFCB05; color:#ffffff">CARISTII</b><br>217 Atxa<br>218 Peñas de Oro<br>219 Henaio<br>220 Marueleza<br>221 La Hoya<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#BDCF01; color:#ffffff">VARDULI</b><br>222 Intxur<br>223 Basagain<br>224 Buruntza<br>225 Muru<br>226 Munoaundi<br>227 Murugain<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#C63729; color:#ffffff">CANTABRI</b><br>228 Peña Sámano<br>229 Peña Amaya<br>230 Monte Bernorio<br>231 Peña Ulaña<br>232 Castilnegro<br>233 Celada Marlantes<br>234 El Castro<br>235 La Trijineja<br>236 Pico del Oro<br>237 La Masera<br>238 Las Eras<br>239 Los Agudos<br>240 La Lomba<br>241 Pico del Castro<br>242 El Gurugú<br>243 Peñarubia<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#2580C6; color:#ffffff">ASTURES</b><br>244 Castro de Avelâós<br>245 As Muradellas<br>246 Las Labradas<br>247 La Corona<br>248 El Buracote<br>249 El Chano<br>250 Las Rozas<br>251 El Castro<br>252 La Corona<br>253 Campa Torres<br>254 San Chuis<br>255 Chao Samartín<br>256 El Castelón<br>257 San Isidro<br>258 El Castiellu<br>259 El Esteiro<br>260 Cabo Blanco<br>261 Pendia<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-shaped ceramic, and produced a wide range of ceramic objects, was no longer the only flourishing culture on the Peninsula, according to research carried out in the last 50 years. The Bronze Age map shows the emergence of a diversity of cultures chronologically beginning with the Protocogota settlements on the Nothern Plateau around 2000 BC.color:#F287B3; color:#ffffff">VASCONES</b><br>263 Santa Criz<br>264 Las Eretas<br>265 El Castillar<br>266 Turbil<br>267 Arrosia<br>268 Pozo de la Mora<br>269 Altikogaña<br><br></div></div>

During this period emerge control walkway in livestock routes{{ANEAutoria|Autores= María Sánchez Agustí, water pointsJosé Antonio Álvarez Castrillón, mountain passes or river fords as the Tagus River Trail. Metallurgical production sites were built to the north of the Tagus River in Portugal and along the Tinto-Odiel estuaryMercedes de la Calle Carracedo, home to the Tartessian Civilisation during the 10th and 11th centuries BC. By the 8th century BC The Atlantic metallurgy was predominant on the entire Iberian PeninsulaDaniel Galván Desvaux, especially at settlements in fertile and grassy areas along the river plains. Such settlements were frequently left open and unprotectedJoaquín García Andrés, but at other timesIsidoro González Gallego, built inside walled enclosures. Phoenician merchants began to appear on the coasts around this precolonial periodMontserrat León Guerrero, and laterEsther López Torres, towards the end of the 7th century BCCarlos Lozano Ruiz, the Greeks.Ignacio Martín Jiménez, Rosendo Martínez Rodríguez, Rafael de Miguel González}}

{{ANEDescargaPDFTema ANENavegacionTemaAnterior| urlcolor=#ad545f|nombre tema=Historical overview}}{{ANENavegacionSubtemaSiguiente|nombre subtema=[[Ancient Age]]}}<div style="clear: both;"></div>