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{{ANEEtiqueta|palabrasclave= chronology of prehistory, Palaeolithic, Palaeolithic art, Levantine rock art, schematic art, Neolithic, Megalithic, Chalcolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age, pre-Roman people, Tartessian, Tartessian|descripcion= Cartographic presentation of prehistory, including, among others, sites on the Iberian Peninsula|url=valor}}{{ANEObra|Serie=Compendium of the National Atlas of Spain|Logo=[[Filehttp:Logo_Compendio//nationalatlas.ign.es/images/thumb/7/7f/Spain_Paleolithic-art_2014_map_14802_eng.jpg|left|60x60px|link=]]|Título=Spain on maps|Subtítulo=A geographic synopsis|Año=2022|Contenido=New content/197px-Spain_Paleolithic-art_2014_map_14802_eng.jpg}}

{{ANENavegacionSubcapituloANEObra|seccionSerie=HistoryCompendium of the National Atlas of Spain|capituloLogo=Historical overview[[File:Logo_Compendio.jpg|subcapituloleft|60x60px|link=]]|Título=Spain on maps|Subtítulo=A geographic synopsis|Año=2022|Contenido=PrehistoryNew content}}

{{ANENavegacionHermanosPrimeroANENavegacionSubcapitulo|siguienteseccion=[[History|History]]|capitulo=[[Historical overview|Historical overview]]|subcapitulo=Prehistory}} {{ANENavegacionTemaAnterior|color=#ad545f|nombre tema=Historical overview}}{{ANENavegacionSubtemaSiguiente|nombre subtema=[[Ancient ageAge]]}}<div style="clear: both;"></div>

|epigrafe=Understanding the Iberian Peninsula in the Paleolithic}}

[[File:EnelaboracionSpain_Prehistory-timeline_2017_illustration_16026_eng.jpg|center|thumb|800px|Illustration: Prehistory timeline. Spain.<span style="color: #b20027; ">16026 </span>]] <br>

[[File:EnelaboracionSpain_Lower-Paleolithic-human-and-material-remains_2014_map_13972_eng.jpg|left|thumb|none|300px|Map: Lower Paleolithic. Human human and material remains. Spain.<span style[//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta="color: #b20027; ">13972 [PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Lower-Paleolithic-human-and-material-remains_2014_map_13972_eng.pdf PDF]. [Datos//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Lower-Paleolithic-human-and-material-remains_2014_map_13972_eng.zip Data]. </span>]]

The Lower Paleolithic covers a vast period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula. As illustrated in the figure, it spanned from 1,350,000 years ago to roughly 130,000 years BC, the period which is generally considered to mark the beginning of the Middle Paleolithic. The Lower Paleolithic coincides with the geological age of both the Lower (or possibly older) and Middle Pleistocene Epochs. The Lower Pleistocene had a warm climate similar to today´s Mediterranean environment in which the regular flow of water from rivers (greater in the Atlantic watershed than in the Mediterranean watershed) deposited sediment and produced fluvial terraces. The fauna typical of this time period was similar to that of the present-day African Savannah: large mammals such as elephants, panthers, saber-tooth tigers, hippopotamus, zebras, and hyenas. The Middle Pleistocene was marked by glaciations which transformed ecosystems and gave rise to mammals such as cave bears, rhinoceros, and mammoths.[[File:Enelaboracion.jpg|right|thumb|none|300px|Image: Gran Dolina, archaeological site of Atapuerca (Burgos)]]<br>

The oldest human fossil remains found on the Iberian Peninsula were discovered in sima del Elefante, (in the archaeological site of [https[File://www.atapuerca.org/es/ver/Video-del-Proyecto-Atapuerca Atapuerca]Gran_Dolina, Burgos) in the form of a jawbone from an undetermined hominid dating from 1,200,000 years ago_archaeological_site_of_Atapuerca_Burgos. If the fossil were of Homo habilis origin, it might have arrived on the Iberian Peninsula by way of the Strait of Gibraltar. Another hypothesis is that the fossil could belong to a new species called Homo antecessor, which may have possibly evolved from individuals of Homo erectus and settled on the Iberian Peninsula (at jpg|right|thumb|300px|Image: Gran Dolina, TD6, archaeological site of Atapuerca) after having migrated from Asia around 800,000 years ago. However, it is important to note that fossilised human remains of, as yet, undetermined origin have also been unearthed at Venta Micena in Orce (Granada) and in cueva Victoria, in Cartagena (MurciaBurgos).]]

The oldest human fossil remains found on the Iberian Peninsula were discovered in sima del Elefante (in the archaeological site of [https://www.atapuerca.org/es/ver/Video-del-Proyecto-Atapuerca Atapuerca], Burgos), in the form of a jawbone from an undetermined hominid dating from 1,200,000 years ago. If the fossil were of ''Homo habilis'' origin, it might have arrived on the Iberian Peninsula by way of the Strait of Gibraltar. Another hypothesis is that the fossil could belong to a new species called ''Homo antecessor'', which may have possibly evolved from individuals of ''Homo erectus'' and settled on the Iberian Peninsula (at Gran Dolina, TD6, Atapuerca) around 800,000 years ago, after having migrated from Asia. However, it is important to note that fossilised human remains of, as yet, undetermined origin have also been unearthed at Venta Micena in Orce (Granada) and in cueva Victoria, in Cartagena (Murcia).<br>Two subsequent species emerged and lived together in the Iberian Peninsula: ''Homo neanderthalensis'', which marked the beginning of the Middle Paleolithic, and ''Homo heidelbergensis''. Neanderthal remains found in El Sidrón, in Piloña (Asturias) witness their presence and are of particular significance. It should be mentioned that prior to this finding, around 28 individuals (a relatively large number) were discovered in sima de los Huesos at Atapuerca, making up more than 85% of the world´s recorded fossils of the primitive neardenthaliensis ''neanderthalensis'' species. These remains were initially thought to be ''Devisovan'', a species that predated neardenthaliensis''neanderthalensis''. Since the massive presence of individuals at Atapuerca does not appear to be a coincidence, but rather a burial site, it is believed that there existed some degree of religious practice. Neanderthals formed small nomadic tribes and harnessed the use of fire, perhaps without mastery. They lived out in the open air, sometimes at the mouths of caves, and when not scavenging, led a hunter-gatherer lifestyle; and appear to have even engaged in cannibalism.<br>The defining characteristic of these hominids placing them in the genus ''Homo'' is their ability to make tools. Initially, they made stone tools, typically of flint and quartzite, shaped and sharpened on only one surface (using stone tool technology). And later, tools were made by shaping both sides of the stone, forming bifacial preforms typical of Acheulean technology. The early tools, which were bulky and heavy and made in situ, were abandoned as soon as hunted animals were cut and skinned, whereas bifacial tools were typically kept for future use, as they were more versatile and difficult to produce.<br>

The defining characteristic of these hominids placing them in the genus Homo is their ability to make tools[[File:Spain_Middle-Paleolithic-human-and-material-remains_2014_map_13973_eng. Initially, they made stone tools, typically of flint jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Middle Paleolithic human and quartzite, shaped material remains. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Middle-Paleolithic-human-and sharpened on only one surface (using stone tool technology)-material-remains_2014_map_13973_eng. And later, tools were made by shaping both sides of the stone, forming bifacial preforms typical of Acheulean technologypdf PDF]. The early tools, which were bulky [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Middle-Paleolithic-human-and heavy and made in situ, were abandoned as soon as hunted animals were cut and skinned, whereas bifacial tools were typically kept for future use, as they were more versatile and difficult to produce-material-remains_2014_map_13973_eng.zip Data].]]

[[File:Enelaboracion.jpg|left|thumb|none|300px|Map: The Middle Paleolithic, which began approximately 130,000 years BC, coincided with the widespread presence of ''Homo neanderthalensis''.<br>''Homo neanderthalensis'' had a cranium size of 1,450 cm3, slightly larger than modern man. Their bodies had a similar average stature of 1,70 cm, although stockier and perhaps with shorter limbs. Their presence coincided with the cold climate of the Würm glaciation, which precipitated the taking of refuge in caves. The most significant enclaves were found in cueva de las Grajas, in Archidona (Málaga), dating from roughly 200,000 years ago and cueva de Nerja, where the Neanderthals subsequently created the earliest known cave paintings about 40,000 years ago as well as at the sima de las Palomas de Cabezo Gordo (Murcia) site. Human <br>The two most prominent settlements established on the Iberian Peninsula were at the already mentioned cueva del Sidrón in Piloña (Asturias) and material at Calvero de la Higuera in Pinilla del Valle (Madrid). At the former site, remnants were unearthed of about 13 individuals (the best collection in Spain) who lived 43,000 years ago. At the latter site, in addition to an extensive assemblage of fauna fossils, which even included unknown species such as the so-called “whistling hare”, Neanderthal remains were uncovered in what is believed to be the oldest known burial site. The remainswere of a young girl with red hair, which appears to be consistent with most of her congeners. SpainThere is also clear evidence of burial sites in cueva Morín in Villaescusa (Cantabria).<span style="color: #b20027; "br>13973 [PDF]Despite the controversy surrounding the coexistence and interbreeding of Neanderthals and ''Homo sapiens'', recent studies of cueva de la Güelga in Cangas de Onís (Asturias) reveal clear evidence of such activity from roughly 40,000 years ago. There is no debate about whether the Neanderthals engaged in cannibalism as remnants at both Sidrón archeological site and cueva del Boquete de Zafarralla (Málaga) indicate. [Datos]With regard to interbreeding, an exhaustive study of DNA from the remains recovered at cueva del Sidrón, suggests that their blood was compatible with that of ''Homo sapiens''. </spanbr>]]The Middle PaleolithicNeanderthals manufactured tools using an innovative technology known as the Levallois technique. Since it came from the Mousterian tool culture, this period is referred to as the Mousterian era. At this time, Neanderthals were no longer just using stone cores, but were intentionally engineering them with retouches and grooves to obtain flakes of different shapes for scrapers, cleavers, denticulate saws and spear points, which began approximately 130they attached to a shaft to be used for specific tasks. This expertise in tool making was an adaptation to the necessities of survival. Neanderthals continued to lead a predatory way of life as hunter-gatherers, but the harsh climatic conditions of the glacial environment compelled them to craft better clothing and look for more effective ways to stockpile food. It is generally agreed that the Neanderthals’ two greatest achievements were mastery of the art of fire making and the use of spoken language, albeit a less complex form than that of modern humans.<br>In the majority of settlements, where human remains have been observed, lithic remnants have also been uncovered; however, the reverse case is not necessarily true. For example,000 years BCthe multiple artefacts discovered at Atapuerca can be only attributed to the Neanderthals; however, coincided with actual (skeletal) fossil remains of this hominid group have not been found at this site. Such findings hinder the widespread presence study of Homo neanderthalensisevolutionary changes.<br>

Homo neanderthalensis had a cranium size of 1,450 cm3, slightly larger than modern man[[File:Spain_Upper-Paleolithic--Human-and-material-remains_2014_map_13974_eng. Their bodies had a similar average stature of 1,70 cm, although stockier jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Upper Paleolithic Human and perhaps with shorter limbsmaterial remains. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig. Their presence coincided with the cold climate of the Würm glaciation, which precipitated the taking of refuge in caveses/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida. The most significant enclaves were found in cueva de las Grajas, in Archidona (Málaga), dating from roughly 200,000 years ago do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Upper-Paleolithic--Human-and cueva de Nerja, where the Neanderthals subsequently created the earliest known cave paintings about 40,000 years ago as well as at the sima de las Palomas de Cabezo Gordo (Murcia) site-material-remains_2014_map_13974_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Upper-Paleolithic--Human-and-material-remains_2014_map_13974_eng.zip Data].]]

The two most prominent settlements established Upper Paleolithic, which coincided with the end of the Upper Pleistocene, saw the evolutionary rise of a new species called ''Homo sapiens'' starting in approximately 40,000 BC. The end of the Upper Pleistocene on the Iberian Peninsula were at took place around 12,000 to 10,000 BC, which was followed by a new epoch called the Neolithic, also known as the Holocene on the already mentioned cueva del Sidrón geological time scale.<br>''Homo sapiens'' are a species that originated in Piloña Africa. The earliest human fossils found on the Iberian Peninsula date from roughly 35,000 years ago (AsturiasCova Gran, Lleida) and at Calvero de la Higuera were unearthed from settlements sited along rivers. For some time, ''Homo sapiens'' coexisted with Neanderthals, eventually replacing them as their populations declined. The fact that this occurred despite the Neanderthal´s larger brain capacity has elicited explanations that are the subject of much speculation. It is known that ''Homo sapiens'' were able to survive the glacial periods that led many species on the European continent to extinction. A diverse diet consisting of game, collected fruit, small fish such as salmon and trout, and molluscs may have contributed to their survival.<br>''Homo sapiens'' are a modern and very refined hominid whose tools reveal a new stage in Pinilla del Valle (Madrid)evolution. At the former siteReferred to as microliths and multilayered tools, remnants they were unearthed smaller in size and similar to knives. They also made use of about 13 individuals new materials such as wood, bone, antler, ivory and shells. In addition to cave paintings, decorative objects such as necklaces also appeared.<br>The early ''sapiens'' were clearly creative beings. They made music: flutes were found at La Güelga in Cangas del Onís (the best collection Asturias) and El Castillo in SpainPuente Viesgo (Cantabria) who lived 43,000 years agoand built very advanced contraptions like grinders to pulverize vegetables and obtain grains. At They created organised social hierarchies, as suggested by the latter site, in addition to an extensive assemblage use of power connoting accessories like staffs. And they were fond of fauna fossilsart as shown by such unique sculptures as the Venus figurines. They engineered new tools such as harpoons and short spears, which even included unknown species such as indicate a gradual diversification of hunting and fishing methods and expanded the so-called “whistling hare”array of animals they hunted for food. Such tools may also have been developed in response to violent encounters among competing factions.<br>Though more organised and numerous than their ancestors at this point, Neanderthal remains they were uncovered still nomads, who periodically lived in what is believed to be caves. Vestiges of huts were found near the coasts and at the oldest known burial sitemouths of rivers where they dwelt. The remains Burial sites bearing funerary objects were now ubiquitous, suggesting possession of the capacity to think symbolically and a young girl belief in an afterlife. Corpses sprinkled with red hairochre powder have been found, and sometimes accompanied by traces of flower pollen, a combination which appears to be consistent with most may have been a sign of her congenersfamily or emotional bonds. There is also clear evidence The existence of burial sea shells in excavation sites in cueva Morín in Villaescusa (Cantabria)the Manzanares river basin suggests they travelled long distances and traded objects.<br> {{ANESubirArriba}}

Despite {{ANETextoAsociado|titulo= Artistic expression in the controversy surrounding the coexistence and interbreeding of Neanderthals and Homo sapiens, recent studies of cueva de la Güelga in Cangas de Onís (Asturias) reveal clear evidence of such activity from roughly 40,000 years agoUpper Paleolithic|contenido=[[File:Spain_Paleolithic-art_2014_map_14802_eng.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Map: Paleolithic art. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Paleolithic-art_2014_map_14802_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida. There is no debate about whether the Neanderthals engaged in cannibalism as remnants at both Sidrón archeological site and cueva del Boquete de Zafarralla (Málaga) indicatedo?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Paleolithic-art_2014_map_14802_eng. With regard to interbreeding, an exhaustive study of DNA from the remains recovered at cueva del Sidrón, suggests that their blood was compatible with that of Homo sapienszip Data].]]

The Neanderthals manufactured tools using an innovative technology known as There is much debate about whether to attribute the Levallois technique. Since it came from earliest development of artistic expression solely to ''Homo sapiens'' based on the Mousterian tool culturefact that its emergence coincided with their existence, this period and there is referred also similar debate with respect to as the Mousterian eraPaleolithic. At Since Neanderthals were also present at this time, Neanderthals they may have been responsible for some of these works, and previous works; possible examples include: El Castillo (a red disc and hand figures), Tito Bustillo (some remains), [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OaG7dM-9tSA Altamira] (a claviform symbol), and cueva de Nerja with seal paintings (from possibly 42,000 years ago).<br>Nevertheless, the earliest substantiated evidence of ''sapiens'' artistic expression, known as the Franco-Cantabrian style, is from the great Nordpeninsular and Nordpyrenean complexes. Works were no longer just using stone coresalso found in other areas such as Pileta, but were intentionally engineering them with retouches Maltravieso and grooves to obtain flakes of different shapes for scrapersSiega Verde. Animal figures such as bison, cleavershorses and fallow deer, denticulate saws and spear pointsrarely humans, which they attached to a shaft to be used for specific taskswere the protagonists of these paintings. This expertise The images, made with continuous lines and usually pigmented with ochre or black from iron oxide or manganese, were created in tool making was an adaptation to the necessities backs of survival. Neanderthals continued caves, perhaps to lead create a predatory way of life as hunter-gatherers, but magical effect. They used the harsh climatic conditions of irregularities in the glacial environment compelled them stone to give volume to craft better clothing and look for more effective ways to stockpile food. It is generally agreed that enhance the Neanderthals’ two greatest achievements were mastery naturalism of the images. Very few portable art of fire making exist from this prehistoric time such pendants (made from stone, bone, shells, or teeth), weapons (such as harpoons and spears), or objects connoting power (canes from Caballón and Castillo), although the 6,000 engravings on the use limestone caves of spoken language, albeit a less complex form than that Cova del Parpalló make up the largest collection of modern humansart in Europe from this era.}}

In the majority of settlements{{ANEAutoria|Autores= María Sánchez Agustí, where human remains have been observedJosé Antonio Álvarez Castrillón, lithic remnants have also been uncovered; howeverMercedes de la Calle Carracedo, the reverse case is not necessarily true. For exampleDaniel Galván Desvaux, the multiple artefacts discovered at Atapuerca can be only attributed to the Neanderthals; howeverJoaquín García Andrés, actual (skeletal) fossil remains of this hominid group have not been found at this site. Such findings hinder the study of evolutionary changes.Isidoro González Gallego, Montserrat León Guerrero, Esther López Torres, Carlos Lozano Ruiz, Ignacio Martín Jiménez, Rosendo Martínez Rodríguez, Rafael de Miguel González}}

Homo sapiens are a species that originated in Africa. {{ANETextoEpigrafe|epigrafe= The earliest human fossils found on the Iberian Peninsula date from roughly 35,000 years ago and were unearthed from settlements sited along rivers. For some time, Homo sapiens coexisted with Neanderthals, eventually replacing them as their populations declined. The fact that this occurred despite the Neanderthal´s larger brain capacity has elicited explanations that are the subject of much speculation. It is known that Homo sapiens were able to survive the glacial periods that led many species on the European continent to extinction. A diverse diet consisting of game, collected fruit, small fish such as salmon and trout, and molluscs may have contributed to their survival.Neolithic slowly unfolds}}

Homo sapiens are a modern and very refined hominid whose tools reveal a new stage in evolutionScientists do not agree as to whether this was the beginning or the end of an epoch. Referred As the Holocene began, the interglacial period that is believed to as microliths and multilayered tools, they be taking place today was already under way. The ''Sapiens'' were smaller in size adapting quickly to a more temperate climate and similar vegetative landscape as well as to knivesthe availability of more desirable animals for hunting. They also made use Communities were becoming more specialised in exploiting a variety of new materials such as woodavailable resources, boneleading to improvements in hunting, antlergathering, ivory fishing and shellsshellfishing. In addition Some historians believe that the Paleolithic Period was coming to cave paintingsa close and refer to this time period as the Epi-Paleolithic. However, decorative objects such other historians consider this to be the beginning of a new era starting roughly 12,000 BC, describing it as necklaces also appearedthe Mesolithic Period, which was then proceeded imperceptibly by the Neolithic.<br>

[[File:Spain_The-Neolithic_2014_map_16470_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: The early sapiens were clearly creative beingsNeolithic. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig. They made music: flutes were found at La Güelga in Cangas del Onís (Asturias) and El Castillo in Puente Viesgo (Cantabria), and built very advanced contraptions like grinders to pulverize vegetables and obtain grainses/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_The-Neolithic_2014_map_16470_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas. They created organised social hierarchies, as suggested by the use of power connoting accessories like staffscnig. And they were fond of art as shown by such unique sculptures as the Venus figurineses/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida. They engineered new tools such as harpoons and short spears, which indicate a gradual diversification of hunting and fishing methods and expanded the array of animals they hunted for fooddo?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_The-Neolithic_2014_map_16470_eng. Such tools may also have been developed in response to violent encounters among competing factionszip Data].]]

Though more organised A plethora of technologically advanced tools and numerous than their ancestors at this pointcontraptions such as harpoons, spears, sickles, saws, arrows, knives, and darts have been found, which they crafted in response to forces necessitating new ways of subsistence. Stones were still nomadsfinely burnished to be fashioned as useful tools and microliths embedded in polished wooden handles were made with an angular shape suitable for cutting, who periodically lived scraping, and penetrating their prey; samples of small painted rocks depicting this phenomenon have been discovered in cavessome sites. Vestiges <br>Evidence in three different regions has led to the identification of huts were found near what has come to define the Neolithic period: a sedentary lifestyle, albeit initially tentative and seasonally dependant. From the coasts Pyrenees (Mas d´Azil site in France) and at extending to the entire septentrion, the Azilian cultures predominated, particularly the Asturian culture. This civilisation can be characterised by their tools, such as the mouths "Asturian pick", and shell fishing lifestyle, as evidenced by an accumulation of rivers where they dweltseashells, named "concheros". On the East coast and stretching inland to the Ebro Valley, farming communities appeared along with microlayered and geometric tools. Burial sites bearing funerary objects were now ubiquitousAnd on the Atlantic coast and reaching to the Algarve, there is evidence of wetland mollusc collecting and man-made huts, suggesting possession a flourishing coastal maritime lifestyle.<br>The arrival of the capacity Neolithic, a time period measured in milennia, signalled the transition from a hunter-gatherer to think symbolically a progressively agrarian and ranching lifestyle with permanent dwellings. This monumental, evolutionary change began with formation of the largest rivers in Asia and the Nile in Africa caused by climate change during the Holocene. This extensive period marked such a belief significant transformation in an afterlifehuman history that in order to characterise it appropriately, it is referred to as the "Neolithic Revolution". Corpses sprinkled with ochre powder have been foundWith this change, came a sedentary lifestyle, architecture, social hierarchies, religions, and sometimes accompanied by traces technological innovations.<br>According to diffusion theories, these lifestyle changes were brought to the Iberian Peninsula from the Eastern Mediterranean. However, to adherents of flower pollenautochthonous theories, the changes occurred naturally in response to the evolution of the Mesolithic on the Iberian Peninsula. One theory asserts that there were four regions along the Peninsula: Northeast Area, Levantine Area, Southern Area and South Atlantic Area, as can be seen on ''[[:File:Spain_The-Neolithic_2014_map_16470_eng.jpg|The Neolithic]]'' map. Another theory suggests it had logically spread throughout the entire Iberian Peninsula. History tells us that even when a combination which may have been a sign theory becomes difficult to dispute, other theories cannot be ruled out.<br> <div><ul style="text-align: center"> <li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align:top">[[File:Spain_The-megalithic-phenomenon_2014_map_13979_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: The megalithic phenomenon. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_The-megalithic-phenomenon_2014_map_13979_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_The-megalithic-phenomenon_2014_map_13979_eng.zip Data].]]</li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align:top">[[File:Spain_Recent-Chalcolithic.-Regional-varieties-of-the-Bell--Shaped-culture_2014_map_14005_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Recent Chalcolithic. Regional varieties of the Bell-Shaped culture. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Recent-Chalcolithic.-Regional-varieties-of family or emotional bonds-the-Bell--Shaped-culture_2014_map_14005_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig. The existence es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Recent-Chalcolithic.-Regional-varieties-of sea shells in excavation sites in -the Manzanares river basin suggests they travelled long distances and traded objects-Bell--Shaped-culture_2014_map_14005_eng.zip Data].]]</li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align:top">[[File:Ancient_Iberian_Bronze_coin.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Image: Ancient Iberian Bronze coin. Museo Nacional d´Art de Catalunya, Barcelona.]]</li></ul></div>

|tituloIt was not until 12,000-10,000 BC, that Homo sapiens realised their full artistic potential. Evidence of this resides on the East coast of the Iberian Peninsula where more modest, schematic and stylised paintings than those from the Palaeolithic were developed. As contours of discontinuous lines, the figures lack interior polychromy and are smaller in size. Human beings and animals on which they preyed were the centre piece of the art, often depicted in motion and in scenes that tell a story. These paintings were now displayed in rock shelter rather than caves, undoubtedly reflecting the change to a sedentary lifestyle. Well-preserved examples of such art can be found at the Cogull, Valltorta, and [https://m.facebook.com/watch/?v= Artistic expression 519305595439306&vanity=CMMediaes Alpera] sites as well as in cueva de la Araña.<br>Like the art in the Franco-Cantabrian region, these images were found on parietal walls throughout the Peninsula, frequently comingled with paintings and engravings from later periods. They were concentrated in three large areas: the Galician-Portuguese region, the south, and most commonly, along the East coast, so prevalent in this area that it is often referred to as “Levantine Art”.<br>Characterised by their labyrinth-shaped designs, the petroglyphs in the north and northweast are also worth mentioning, particularly those at Mogor in Marín and the anthropomorphic Ídolo de Peña Tú in Asturias. Engravings and paintings of these types represent a way of communicating that was perhaps a precursor to the Upper Paleolithicfirst pictograms.<br>}}

[[File:Enelaboracion.jpg{{ANETextoEpigrafe|right|thumb|none|300px|Mapepigrafe=Experimentation with metallurgy: Paleolithic art. Spain.the Bronze Age<span style="color: #b20027; ">14802 [PDF]. [Datos]. </span>]]}}

There is much debate about whether to attribute the earliest development of artistic expression solely to Homo sapiens based on the fact that its emergence coincided with their existence, and there is also similar debate with respect to the Paleolithic. Since Neanderthals were also present at this time, they may have been responsible for some of these works, and previous works; possible examples include: El Castillo (a red disc and hand figures), Tito Bustillo (some remains), [https[File://wwwThe_Bull_from_Costitx.youtubejpg|left|thumb|200px|Image: The Bull from Costix.com/watch?v=OaG7dM-9tSA Altamira] (a claviform symbol)Museo Arqueológico Nacional, and cueva de Nerja with seal paintings (from possibly 42,000 years ago)Madrid. ]]

NeverthelessIn the Second Millennium BC, population growth created a greater demand for raw materials and subsistence products, causing agricultural and livestock farming (and its by-products) to become more widespread. This still Neolithic society had already mastered metallurgical techniques and had discovered bronze, a strong alloy of copper and tin. Bronze arrived on the Peninsula through the Pyrenees in the earliest substantiated evidence Third Millennium BC and was used along with copper to make tools and objects, according to stratigraphic studies of sapiens artistic expressionthe Bauma del Serrat del Pont site (Girona).<br>Trade increased during the Early Bronze Age and there are strong indications that society was becoming increasingly socially stratified. This was evidenced by the discovery of burial sites for single individuals (mainly in burial pits and megalithic cists) as well as by differences in the quality and quantity of funerary objects placed in these sites. The Argar culture, known as which succeeded the Francobell-Cantabrian styleshaped ceramic, is from and produced a wide range of ceramic objects, was no longer the only flourishing culture on the Peninsula, according to research carried out in the last 50 years. ''[[:File:Spain_The-Bronze-Age_2014_map_13976_eng.jpg|The Bronze Age]]'' map shows the emergence of a diversity of cultures chronologically beginning with the Protocogota settlements on the Nothern Plateau around 2000 BC.<br>The late Bronze Age began around the great Nordpeninsular 11^th century BC with three different cultural currents predominating: Central European, Atlantic, and Nordpyrenean complexesEastern Mediterranean. Works were also found With an increase in other areas such cultural exchanges, these civilisations mixed with native cultures, eventually evolving into what are known as Pileta, Maltravieso Pre-Roman cultures. Major changes took place and Siega Verdenew traditions arose. Animal figures such as bisonIn the Northwest, horses they began to cremate their dead and fallow deerleave their ashes in urnfields, while in the middle of the Peninsula and rarely humansin the northern and western regions, highly sophisticated bronze weapons and objects were commercially traded. And lastly, merchants and new cultural groups arose in the protagonists Mediterranean and southern regions of the Peninsula, foreshadowing the future colonisation of these paintingsareas. The imagesMeanwhile, made with continuous lines and usually pigmented with ochre or black from iron oxide or manganeseadvances in metallurgy led to the development of goldsmithing, as evidenced by the Treasure of Villena (Alicante). Livestock routes stretching inland were created also built, as revealed at some excavation sites such as Peña Negra in Crevillent (Alicante). These external influences did not, however, impede indigenous development. Examples of this can be seen from the backs of cavesCogotas culture, perhaps which extended to create a magical effect. They used the irregularities Douro and Tagus river basins starting in the stone to give volume to and enhance 11^th century BC, as well as from the Talayotic culture on the Balearic Islands at the naturalism end of the imagesNaviform period. Very few portable art exist from <br>During this prehistoric time such pendants (made from stone, boneperiod emerge control walkway in livestock routes, shellswater points, mountain passes or teeth), weapons (such river fords as harpoons the Tagus River Trail. Metallurgical production sites were built to the north of the Tagus River in Portugal and spears)along the Tinto-Odiel estuary, or objects connoting power (canes from Caballón home to the Tartessian Civilisation during the 10^th and Castillo)11^th centuries BC. By the 8^th century BC the Atlantic metallurgy was predominant on the entire Iberian Peninsula, although especially at settlements in fertile and grassy areas along the 6river plains. Such settlements were frequently left open and unprotected,000 engravings but at other times, built inside walled enclosures. Phoenician merchants began to appear on the limestone caves coasts around this precolonial period, and later, towards the end of Cova del Parpalló make up the largest collection of art in Europe from this era7^th century BC, the Greeks.}} <br>

{{ANEAutoria|Autores= María Sánchez Agustí, José Antonio Álvarez Castrillón, Mercedes de la Calle Carracedo, Daniel Galván Desvaux, Joaquín García Andrés, Isidoro González Gallego, Montserrat León Guerrero, Esther López Torres, Carlos Lozano Ruiz, Ignacio Martín Jiménez, Rosendo Martínez Rodríguez, Rafael de Miguel Gonzálezclear}}

{{ANESubirArriba}}{{ANETextoEpigrafeCSS image crop|epigrafeImage =Spain_The-Bronze-Age_2014_map_13976_eng.jpg|bSize = 300|cWidth = 300|cHeight = 210|oTop = 1|oLeft = 1|Location = center|Description = Map: The Neolithic slowly unfoldsBronze Age. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_The-Bronze-Age_2014_map_13976_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_The-Bronze-Age_2014_map_13976_eng.zip Data].}}

Scientists do not agree as to whether this was the beginning or the end of an epoch. As the Holocene began, the interglacial period that is believed to be taking place today was already under way. The sapiens were adapting quickly to a more temperate climate and vegetative landscape as well as to the availability of more desirable animals for hunting. Communities were becoming more specialised in exploiting a variety of available resources, leading to improvements in hunting, gathering, fishing and shellfishing. Some historians believe that the Paleolithic Period was coming to a close and refer to this time period as the Epi<div style="display:inline-Paleolithic. However, other historians consider this to be the beginning of a new era starting roughly block; vertical-align:top; float:left; width:39%; min-width:300px; margin:0; padding:5px; background-color:#EDEDED;"><div style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center; margin:0; padding:0;">EARLY BRONZE AGE SITES</div><div style="column-count:2; column-width:100px; margin:0; padding:5px; background-color:#ffffff; vertical-align:text-top; text-align:left; font-size:80%;"><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#7F7FB5; color:#ffffff">BRONZE AGE OF LA MANCHA</b><br>1 La Peñuela<br>2 La Morrota de los Cotos<br>3 Recuenco<br>4 Cabeza de Santa María<br>5 Los Palacios<br>6 Santa María del Retamar<br>7 Cerro del Bu<br>8 Cerro de La Encantada<br>9 Cerro del Cuchillo<br>10 Las Saladillas<br>11 El Acequión<br>12,000 BC, describing it as the Mesolithic Period, or Middle Stone Age, which was then proceeded imperceptibly by the Neolithic.El Quintanar<br>13 Cerro del Obispo<br>14 Cueva del Fraile<br>15 El Azuer<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#E99F3E; color:#ffffff">PROTOCOGOTAS</b><br>16 Los Tolmos<br>17 Arenero de los Vascos<br>18 Parpantique<br>19 Los Torojones<br>20 Loma del Lomo<br>21 Santioste<br>22 El Tomillar<br>23 Castillo de Cardeñosa<br>24 Necrópolis de Villalmanzo<br>25 Caserío de Perales<br>26 El Ventorro<br>27 El Tejar del Sastre<br>28 Las Pozas<br>29 Fábrica de Ladrillos<br>30 Cueva de Pedro Fernández<br>31 Castro de La Plaza<br>32 El Castillo<br>33 El Gurugú<br>34 Pico Aguilera<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#0E9E6B; color:#ffffff">ARGAR CULTURE</b><br>35 El Argar<br>36 Fuente Álamo<br>37 El Oficio<br>38 Peñalosa<br>39 Gatas<br>40 El Picacho<br>41 Las Peñicas de Santomera<br>42 El Puntarrón Chico<br>43 Las Anchuras<br>44 Castellón Alto<br>45 Cuesta del Negro<br>46 Domingo I<br>47 Murviedro<br>48 La Bastida<br>49 Laderas del Castillo<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#D07DA7; color:#ffffff">SOUTHWEST BRONZE</b><br>50 Ferradeira<br>51 Punta Atalaia<br>52 Huelva<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#AD0C14; color:#ffffff">VALENCIAN BRONZE</b><br>53 Ereta del Pedregal<br>54 La Mola de Agrés<br>55 La Loma de Betxí<br>56 Terlinques<br>57 San Antón de Orihuela<br>58 Tabayá<br>59 Mas de Menente<br>60 Mas del Corral<br>61 Cabezo Redondo<br>62 Peña Negra<br>63 Los Saladares<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#C5D5A8; color:#ffffff">NORTHWEST BRONZE</b><br>64 Agro de Nogueira<br>65 Fixón-Costa da Seixeira<br>66 Sola<br>67 Bouça da Cova da Moura<br>68 Cimalha<br>69 Erosa<br>70 Fraga dos Corvos<br>71 Caldas de Reis<br>72 Gandón<br>73 Mina del Milagro<br>74 Mina del Aramo<br>75 A Devesa de Abaixo<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#CD7221; color:#ffffff">EBRO VALLEY BRONZE</b><br>76 Moncín<br>77 Cerro del Castillo de Frías<br>78 Monte Aguilar<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#0C577F; color:#ffffff">CANTABRO-PYRENEAN AND CATALAN AREA</b><br>79 Osona<br>80 Porta Lloret<br>81 Bauma del Serrat del Pont<br>82 Cueva de Santimamiñe<br>83 Los Husos<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#22AFE4; color:#ffffff">BALEARIC BRONZE</b><br>84 Es Figueral de Son Real<br>85 Els Tudons<br>86 Son Mercer de Baix<br><br></div></div>

[[File<div style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:top; float:Enelaboracion.jpg|left|thumb|none|; width:59%; min-width:300px|Map; margin: The Neolithic. Spain.0; padding:5px; background-color:#EDEDED;"><div style="font-size:100%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center; margin:0; padding:0;">LATE BRONZE AGE SITES</div><span div style="column-count:3; column-width:100px; margin:0; padding:5px; background-color: #b20027ffffff; vertical-align:text-top; text-align:left; font-size:80%; ">16470 [PDF]. [Datos]. <b style="padding:3px; background-color:#D7791F; color:#ffffff">URNFIELDS</spanb><br>87 Agullana<br>]]A plethora of technologically advanced tools and contraptions such as harpoons, spears, sickles, saws, arrows, knives, and darts have been found, which they crafted in response to forces necessitating new ways of subsistence. Stones were finely burnished to be fashioned as useful tools and microliths embedded in polished wooden handles were made with an angular shape suitable for cutting, scraping, and penetrating their prey88 Molá<br>89 Can Missert<br>90 Pontós<br>91 Els Vilars<br>92 Roquizal del Rullo<br>93 Cabezo Sellado<br>94 Cabezo de Monleón<br>95 Los Castellets II<br>96 Punta Farisa<br>97 Genó<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#9ACDA4; samples of small painted rocks depicting this phenomenon have been discovered in some settlements.color:#ffffff">ATLANTIC BRONZE</b><br>98 Rianxo<br>99 Caldas de Reis<br>100 Baiöes<br>101 Roça do Casal do Meio<br>102 Valcorchero<br>103 Cueva de Boquique<br>104 Berzocana<br>105 Sagrajas<br>106 Bodonal de la Sierra<br>107 Torrejón el Rubio<br>108 Valencia de Alcántara<br>109 Brozas<br>110 Zarza de Montánchez<br>111 Solana de Cabañas<br>112 Alburquerque<br>113 Ría de Huelva<br>114 Cueva de la Cancela<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#7DCCDD; color:#ffffff">SOUTHEASTLEVANT BRONZE</b><br>115 El Picacho<br>116 Cerro de la Encina<br>117 Cerro del Real<br>118 Peña Negra<br>119 Los Saladares<br>120 Villena<br>121 Murviedro<br>122 La Gorriquía<br>123 Campos<br>124 Las Alparatas<br>125 Cañada del Palmar<br>126 Totana<br>127 Diezma<br>128 Baza<br>129 Arroyo Molinos<br>130 Cerro Alcalá<br>131 Guadix<br>132 Campotéjar<br>133 Caramoro II<br>134 Herrerías<br>135 El Macalón<br>136 Cerro de la Mora<br>137 Gatas<br>138 El Peñón de la Reina<br>139 Cobatillas la Vieja<br>140 El Castellar<br>141 Parazuelos<br>142 Cova d’en Pardo<br>143 Cueva del Alto<br>144 Cueva de las Delicias<br>145 Cueva de los Hermanillos<br>146 Llano de los Ceperos<br>147 Collado y Pinar de Santa Ana<br>148 Domingo I<br>149 Qurénima<br>150 Caldero de Mojácar<br>151 Barranco Hondo<br>152 Cerro de los Infantes<br>153 Les Moreres<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#F6A73E; color:#ffffff">COGOTAS</b><br>154 Cogotas<br>155 El Negralejo<br>156 Fábrica de Ladrillos<br>157 Caserío de Perales<br>158 Ecce Homo<br>159 La Muela<br>160 San Román de Hornija<br>161 Huerta de Arriba<br>162 El Cerro<br>163 Tres Chopos-Abarre<br>164 Carricastro<br>165 El Gurugú<br>166 Los Rompizales<br>167 Teso del Cuerno<br>168 Carrelasvegas<br>169 El Pelambre<br>170 La Huelga<br>171 La Muela de Galve<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#21BBF1; color:#ffffff">TALAYOTIC</b><br>172 Son Catlar<br>173 Torralba d’en Salort<br>174 Torrellafuda<br>175 Torretrencada<br>176 Ses Païsses<br>177 Capocorb Vell<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#017AC3; color:#ffffff">CANTABRIAN AREA</b><br>178 Los Husos<br>179 Axtroki<br>180 La Hoya<br>181 Alto de la Cruz<br>182 Puy Águila<br>183 Santimamiñe<br>184 Lumentxa<br>185 Los Goros<br>186 Mina Castillejos<br>187 Los Oscos<br>188 Larón<br>189 Caldueño<br>190 Santullano<br>191 El Juyo<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#CA3289; color:#ffffff">SOUTHWEST BRONZE</b><br>192 Cerro Salomón<br>193 Tejada la Vieja<br>194 Niebla<br>195 Huelva<br>196 San Bartolomé<br>197 Setefilla<br>198 Carmona<br>199 Montemolín<br>200 El Berrueco<br>201 Llanete de los Moros<br>202 Colina de los Quemados<br><br></div></div>

According to diffusion theories{{ANEAutoria|Autores= María Sánchez Agustí, these lifestyle changes were brought to the Iberian Peninsula from the Eastern Mediterranean. HoweverJosé Antonio Álvarez Castrillón, to adherents of autochthonous theoriesMercedes de la Calle Carracedo, the changes occurred naturally in response to the evolution of the Mesolithic on the Iberian Peninsula. One theory asserts that there were four regions along the Peninsula: Northeast AreaDaniel Galván Desvaux, Levantine AreaJoaquín García Andrés, Southern Area and South Atlantic AreaIsidoro González Gallego, as can be seen on The Neolithic map. Another theory suggests it had logically spread throughout the entire Iberian Peninsula. History tells us that even when a theory becomes difficult to disputeMontserrat León Guerrero, other theories cannot be ruled out.Esther López Torres, Carlos Lozano Ruiz, Ignacio Martín Jiménez, Rosendo Martínez Rodríguez, Rafael de Miguel González}}

</li>{{ANETextoEpigrafe<li style|epigrafe="display: inline-block; vertical-align:top">[[File:Enelaboracion.jpg|left|thumb|none|300px|MapA prelude to societal and territorial reorganisation: Recent Chalcolithic. Regional varieties of the bell-shaped culture. Spain.Iron Age<span style="color: #b20027; ">14005 [PDF]. [Datos]. </span>]]}}

</li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align:top">[[File:EnelaboracionBelt_from_Aliseda_Hoard.jpg|leftright|thumb|none|200px|Image: Ancient Iberian Bronze coinBelt from Aliseda Hoard. Museu Museo Arqueológico Nacional d'Art de Catalunya, Barcelona<span style="color: #b20027; ">xxx [PDF]. [Datos]Madrid. </span>]]

|titulo= Artistic expression The use of this new metal technology, which required furnaces capable of reaching extremely high temperatures, did not spread homogenously throughout the Peninsula. Iron-making first began on the coastline in the middle of the 8^th century BC by such predominant protohistoric cultures as [https://historia.nationalgeographic.com.es/a/tartessos-busca-reino-perdido_6233/3 the Tartessos] while inland civilisations continued to work with bronze and were slower to adopt this new technology. These diverse regional differences (evident at some archaeological sites) led to transformations in how these societies were organised throughout the territory, signalling that the Iberian people were entering into a new era (known as ancient history) and leaving Prehistory behind.<br>This long epoch known as the Iron Age is conventionally divided into two stages: the Early Iron Age (750 BC - 500 BC) and the Late Iron Age (500 BC - 200 BC, as illustrated in the maps of the same tittle.<br>The Early Iron Age is characterised by two large civilisations occupying two distinct Iberian geographical regions: one in the south and the other, in the east of the Peninsula. The accepted notion that these civilisations were influenced by Mediterranean cultures is supported by the discovery of Protocolonial remnants on the east coast. There is also evidence of Phoenician colonisations in the Southern Mediterranean and Atlantic (Gadir) regions and of the first Greek colonies, including those established by groups under Greek influence. Moreover, there were the great Tartessian settlements in Andalusia, particularly along the Tinto, Odiel and Lower Guadalquivir rivers.<br>In the north and middle of the Peninsula, the communities remained isolated from Mediterranean influences and retained their indigenous identity and traditions (including, in some cases, the use of bronze). Such behaviour was exhibited by the Late Burial Urnfields Culture (Catalonia and the Ebro Valley), Sorian hillforts culture, the Atlantic Cultures (Portugal, Galicia, and the Cantabrian Cornice), in addition to the Soto de Medinilla culture in the Upper PaleolithicDouro river basin.<br>

[[File:Enelaboracion{{CSS image crop|Image = Spain_Early-Iron-Age_2014_map_13977_eng.jpg|leftbSize = 300|thumbcWidth = 300|nonecHeight = 210|300pxoTop = 1|oLeft = 1|Location = center|Description = Map: Levantine and schematic rock artEarly Iron Age. Spain.<span style[//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta="color: #b20027; ">14803 [PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Early-Iron-Age_2014_map_13977_eng.pdf PDF]. [Datos]//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida. <do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/span>]aneTematico/Spain_Early-Iron-Age_2014_map_13977_eng.zip Data].}}

It was not until <div style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:top; float:left; width:100%; min-width:300px; margin:0; padding:5px; background-color:#EDEDED;"><div style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center; margin:0; padding:0;">EARLY IRON AGE SITES</div><div style="column-count:6; column-width:100px; margin:0; padding:5px; background-color:#ffffff; vertical-align:text-top; text-align:left; font-size:80%;"><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#E4422B; color:#ffffff">PHOENICIAN SETTLEMENTS</b><br>1 Gadir<br>2 Tavira<br>3 Cerro del Prado<br>4 Cerro del Villar<br>5 Toscanos<br>6 Malaka<br>7 Sexi<br>8 Abdera<br>9 Abul<br>10 Baria<br>11 La Fontela<br>12,000Eivissa<br>13 Las Chorreras<br>14 Morro de Mezquitilla<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#E74129; color:#ffffff">CULTURES UNDER PHOENICIAN INFLUENCE</b><br>15 Alpiarca<br>16 Torres Vedras<br>17 Alcácer do Sal<br>18 Sines<br>19 Ourique<br>20 Torre de Doña Blanca<br>21 Huelva<br>22 Medellín<br>23 Cancho Roano<br>24 La Aliseda<br>25 Castro Marim<br>26 Galera<br>27 Monachil<br>28 Peña Negra<br>29 Los Saladares<br>30 Loma del Boliche<br>31 Cañada del Palmar<br>32 Les Moreres<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#EF87A8; color:#ffffff">TARTESSIAN AREA</b><br>33 Cástulo<br>34 Riotinto<br>35 Niebla<br>36 Setefilla<br>37 Valencina de la Concepción<br>38 Carambolo<br>39 Carmona<br>40 Acebuchal<br>41 Utrera<br>42 Osuna<br>43 Estepa<br>44 Trebujena<br>45 Mesas de Asta<br>46 Churriana<br>47 Chipiona<br>48 Ébora<br>49 Cabezo de la Esperanza<br>50 San Pedro<br>51 La Joya<br>52 Colina de los Quemados<br>53 Lebrija<br>54 Tharsis<br>55 Andújar<br>56 Castellones<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#80C9DC; color:#ffffff">PROTO-COLONIAL INFLUENCES</b><br>57 Vinaragell II<br>58 Los Saladares<br>59 Burriana<br>60 Santa Catalina del Monte<br>61 El Castellar<br>62 El Murtal<br>63 San Cristóbal<br>64 Tossal-Redó<br>65 Mas de Flandi<br>66 Els Castellans<br>67 Les Ombries<br>68 Azaila<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#2285AF; color:#ffffff">GREEK SETTLEMENTS</b><br>69 Emporiom<br>70 Rhode<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#86516D; color:#ffffff">CULTURES UNDER GREEK INFLUENCE</b><br>71 Alonis<br>72 Mainake<br>73 Ullastret<br>74 Puig de Sant Andreu<br>75 Bolbax<br>76 Verdolay<br>77 Cabezo del Tío Pío<br>78 Castillico de las Peñas<br>79 El Cigarralejo<br>80 Cobatillas<br>81 Coimbra de Barranco Ancho<br>82 Los Molinicos<br>83 Los Nietos<br>84 Coy<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#7E5CA6; color:#ffffff">SORIAN HILLFORTS CULTURE</b><br>85 El Pico<br>86 El Puntal<br>87 Cerro de la Calderuela<br>88 Alto del Arenal<br>89 Arévalo de la Sierra<br>90 Cabrejas<br>91 Los Castillejos<br>92 El Castillo<br>93 El Castillejo<br>94 Zarranzano<br>95 Castillejo<br>96 Valdeavellano de Tera<br>97 El Collado<br>98 Castilfrío de la Sierra<br>99 Castilviejo de Guijosa<br>100 La Coronilla<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-10,000 BC, that Homo sapiens realised their full artistic potential. Evidence of this resides on the East coast of the Iberian Peninsula where more modest, schematic and stylised paintings than those from the Palaeolithic were developed. color:#AC9993; color:#ffffff">SOUTHERN PLATEAU GROUPS</b><br>101 Cerro de las Nieves<br>102 El Navazo<br>103 Madrigueras<br>104 Soto del Hinojar<br>105 Puente Largo de Jarama<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#86BB39; color:#ffffff">ATLANTIC CULTURES</b><br>106 Monte O Facho<br>107 Castromao<br>108 Cameixa<br>109 Borneiro<br>110 Torroso<br>111 A Forca<br>112 Taboexa<br>113 Chao Samartín<br>114 As contours of discontinuous lines, the figures lack interior polychromy and are smaller in size. Human beings and animals on which they preyed were the centre piece of the art, often depicted in motion and in scenes that tell a story. These paintings were now displayed in rock shelter rather than caves, undoubtedly reflecting the change to a sedentary lifestyle. WellCroas<br>115 Neixón Pequeno<br>116 Penarrubia<br>117 Camoca<br>118 Campa Torres<br>119 Nossa Senhora de Guia<br>120 Monte do Frade<br>121 Moreirinha<br>122 Lois<br>123 Os Castros<br>124 Picu Castiellu de Moriyón<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#D87A23; color:#ffffff">LATE BURIAL URNFIELDS</b><br>125 Agullana<br>126 El Molà<br>127 San Antonio<br>128 La Pedrera<br>129 Cabezo de Monleón<br>130 Almohaja de Bezas<br>131 Palermo<br>132 San Cristóbal<br>133 Loma de los Brunos<br>134 Roquizal del Rullo<br>135 Alto de la Cruz<br>136 El Convento<br>137 Morredón<br>138 La Cruz<br>139 Zaforas<br>140 Partelapeña<br>141 La Coronilla<br>142 Santa Ana<br>143 Fila de la Muela<br>144 Besodia<br>145 Montefiu<br>146 Roques de Sant Formatge<br>147 Puntual<br>148 Azaila<br>149 Pajaroncillo<br>150 Pic dels Corbs<br>151 Cavanes<br>152 Salzadella<br>153 Vinaragell<br>154 Gatas<br>155 Henayo<br>156 La Hoya<br>157 Castillo de Henayo<br>158 Alto de la Cruz<br>159 Gastiburu<br>160 Intxur<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-preserved examples of such art can be found at the Cogull, Valltorta, and Alpera sites as well as in cueva color:#C63729; color:#ffffff">SOTO DE MEDINILLA CULTURES</b><br>161 Quintana de Fon<br>162 Castrillo de Polvazares<br>163 Villazala del Páramo<br>164 Castrotierra<br>165 Barrientos<br>166 Castro del Morión<br>167 Regueras de Arriba<br>168 San Martín de Torres<br>169 Castrocalbón<br>170 San Pedro de la Viña<br>171 San Juan de Torres<br>172 Valencia de Don Juan<br>173 Villafañe<br>174 Santa María del Río<br>175 Saldaña<br>176 Pedrosa de la Vega<br>177 Carrión de los Condes<br>178 Ardón<br>179 Gusendos de los Oteros<br>180 Valderas<br>181 Gordaliza de la Loma<br>182 Mayorga de Campos<br>183 Castrobol<br>184 Villavicencio de los Caballeros<br>185 Castroponce<br>186 Melgar de Arriba<br>187 Melgar de Abajo<br>188 Villacarralón<br>189 Cisneros<br>190 Villanueva de la Condesa<br>191 Paredes de Nava<br>192 Herrín de Campos<br>193 Villacid de Campos<br>194 Cuenca de Campos<br>195 Moral de la Reina<br>196 Tamariz de Campos<br>197 Castromocho<br>198 Aguilar de Campos<br>199 Villafrechós<br>200 Villanueva de San Mancio<br>201 Medina de Rioseco<br>202 Tordehumos<br>203 Villagarcía de Campos<br>204 Torrelobatón<br>205 Mota del Marqués<br>206 El Soto de Medinilla<br>207 Castronuevo de Esgueva<br>208 Renedo<br>209 Villabáñez<br>210 San Martín de Valvení<br>211 Olmos de Esgueva<br>212 Valoria la Araña.Buena<br>213 Amusquillo<br>214 Piñel de Abajo<br>215 Pesquera de Duero<br>216 Curiel<br>217 Roa<br>218 Padilla de Duero<br>219 Santibáñez de Valcorba<br>220 Montemayor de Pililla<br>221 Cogeces del Monte<br>222 Tudela de Duero<br>223 Simancas<br>224 Pollos<br>225 Valdestillas<br>226 Matapozuelos<br>227 Santiago del Arroyo<br>228 Foncastín<br>229 Medina del Campo<br>230 Alcazarén<br>231 El Campillo<br>232 Gomeznarro<br>233 Almenara de Adaja<br>234 Coca<br>235 Cuéllar<br>236 Ayllón<br>237 Langa de Duero<br>238 Pinilla Trasmonte<br>239 Solarana<br>240 Lara de los Infantes<br>241 Palenzuela<br>242 Santa María del Campo<br>243 Castrojeriz<br>244 Los Ausines<br>245 Ubierna<br>246 Camarzana de Tera<br>248 Castropepe<br>249 Barcial del Barco<br>247 Castrogonzalo<br>250 Bretó<br>251 Arrabalde<br>252 Valdunquillo<br>253 Fuentes de Ropel<br>254 Revellinos<br>255 Villafáfila<br>256 Villalpando<br>257 Bolaños de Campos<br>258 Villanueva de los Caballeros<br>259 Castromembibre<br>260 Carbajales de Alba<br>261 Abezames<br>262 Pinilla de Toro<br>263 Molacillos<br>264 Ricobayo<br>265 Madridanos<br>266 Villalazán<br>267 La Tuda<br></div></div>

Characterised by their labyrinth-shaped designs{{ANEAutoria|Autores= María Sánchez Agustí, the petroglyphs in the north and northweast are also worth mentioningJosé Antonio Álvarez Castrillón, particularly those at Mogor in Marín and the anthropomorphic Ídolo Mercedes de Peña Tú in Asturias. Engravings and paintings of these types represent a way of communicating that was perhaps a precursor to the first pictograms.la Calle Carracedo, Daniel Galván Desvaux, Joaquín García Andrés, Isidoro González Gallego, Montserrat León Guerrero, Esther López Torres, Carlos Lozano Ruiz, Ignacio Martín Jiménez, Rosendo Martínez Rodríguez, Rafael de Miguel González}}

{{ANETextoDestacadoANESubirArriba}}

{{ANETextoEpigrafe|tituloepigrafe=The beginning of the use of copperCultural areas and Pre-Roman civilisation}}

|contenido=In During the Early Iron Age (or Iron Age I), despite the beginning peculiarities of the Third Millennium BCindividual communities located on the Peninsula, these groups shared a common culture with its own customs and traditions, which they managed to sustain even in the use face of copperconstant influences from the outside world. Asian influences were felt on the Andalusian, a new raw materialsoutheastern and eastern coasts, slowly spreading to the farthest stretches of the Peninsula, was becoming widespread throughout Europeeven to areas difficult to access from the coastlines. It was relatively abundant <br>Archaeological evidence regarding early Phoenician presence on the Peninsula and could be extracted from reveals they had already started establishing commercial contacts in the area before the ground8^th century BC or precolonial era. This sparked Asthe Phoenicians began to permanently settle in the beginning southwestern reaches of the Chalcolithic or Copper Ageterritory and gain control of this area sometime after the 7^th century BC, close trading relations were gradually developed with the first Punic cities of the traditionally recognised Metal AgesNear East and Northern Africa.Awls, hooks, flat axes, knives, daggers, halberds, personalised adornments made from copper appearedA network of commercial trading routes was established. Bone and stone Their products were gradually replaced by copperexported from their Metropoli to the Iberian Peninsula through developing markets on the Iberian coasts, which led to new manufacturing techniques as well as new ways of livingexpanding into the interior.

Fortified settlements were now being constructed high up on plateaus[[File:The_Lady_of_Baza_Dama_de_Baza. jpg|right|thumb|300px|Image: The most notable examples Lady of this were the culture of Los Millares and subsequently, the Argar (Almeria) and Zambujal in Torres Vedras Baza (PortugalDama de Baza), which were the most magnificent architectural settlements on the Chalcolithic Iberian Peninsula. However, most communities were still typically found in the flatlands (particularly on river terraces and in valleys), which were more suitable for farming or raising livestock. Excavations at these sites have unearthed grain stores, landfills, store rooms, ditches and pits at these sites dating from this same time period. These societies also left behind an extensive fields of ring-diches which served as storage pits, particularly at les Jovades en Concentaina siteMuseo Arqueológico Nacional, in Alicante and at the Ventorro site in Madrid. Notable exceptions to the settlements on the plains were those in caves or rock shelter such as the cova des Moro in Manacor (Mallorca) or cova des Fum in Formentera or Estremera in Madrid. Collective burying of their dead and the construction of megalithic burial chambers typical of the Late Neolithic continued to be common in the southeast, southwest, Northern Plateau and northwest of the Peninsula. These customs endured until the introduction of bell-shaped ceramic pots, which then allowed them to bury just a single individual.]]

Despite regional variations The colonisations of the areas around Huelva and the Lower Guadalquivir facilitated the growth of the Tartessian culture (it has been spoken about the kingdom of the Tartessos and even about some of its kings) in dating the Early Iron Age or Iron Age I. This historical and definitively describing cultural development featured profound changes in the region's indigenous societies. In the period known as Late Bronze Age and the Copper Iron AgeI, they transitioned to mining and exploiting the land in the Guadalquivir valley for agricultural purposes, making necessary frequent exchanges and other forms of social interactions. Growing cultural, social and economic influences from the Eastern Mediterranean were becoming evident in these communities. This phenomenon is both evidenced by and attributable to the importation of ceramics, objects made of precious metals, fabrics, oil, and wine.<br>The Tartessian civilisation, initially limited to the areas along the Tinto, Odiel and lower Guadalquivir rivers, it as can be roughly classified into two periodsseen on the map ''[[:File: Spain_Early-Iron-Age_2014_map_13977_eng.jpg|Early Iron Age]]'', expanded throughout the southern reaches of the Peninsula to the mouths of the Guadiana and Segura Rivers. The influence of the Tartessian culture had also spanned the southeastern part of the Early ChalcolithicPeninsula, the southern eastern region, the southern coast of Portugal and the interior of Andalusia. Remnants of a Tartessian capital, or of a cultural epicentre have yet to be found despite a tireless search by archaeologists.<br>Meanwhile, the centre of the Peninsula was much slower to adapt to the technological changes taking place, and as a consequence, dating from its populations did not experience the same level of growth and prosperity as their counterparts in the first half south. The central territory eventually began to be populated by small fortified villages. An example of this is the Third Millennium Soto de Medinilla culture (starting which is named after the most thoroughly studied settlement in Valladolid) in 2250 the Douro Valley.<br>By the Iron Age II (500 BC, many years before Romanisation) , the use of iron was widespread throughout the Peninsula, greatly increasing the number and variety of available tools. At the same time, new social and economic structures arose on the Peninsula, built on foundations laid from the peoples of the Late Chalcolithicprevious era. These cultural and territorial changes were described by Greco-Latin writers, occurring particularly by Pliny and Strabo. The process of acculturation initiated subsequently by Rome was influenced by these Iberian developments.<br>Historians and archaeologists have pointed out the difficulty of linking the data from 2250 BC material remains to 1900 BCinformation provided by historiographic or literary sources because the information is often confusing and contradictory. In Nevertheless, the field of archaeology is making a concerted effort to identify the latter periodgeographic distribution of Pre-Roman communities based on data obtained from research, new ceramic pots began as illustrated on the map ''[[:File:Spain_Late-Iron-Age.-Pre--Roman-peoples_2014_map_13985_eng.jpg|Late Iron Age. Pre-Roman peoples]]''.<br>The map shows the location of the major archaeological settlement sites identified on the Iberian Peninsula compared to the areas traditionally ascribed to appear the principle ethnic groups in communities throughout Europearchaeological literature. This map and its associated information, allowing for more efficient preservationshould be read and interpreted recognising that the borders of the areas occupied by these population groups are generally loosely defined since there were constant social and economic interactions between their respective populations. As a consequence of such interaction over the centuries, storagethese areas were constantly expanding and contracting over the centuries, inevitably producing border uncertainty. The Lusitanian and transportation Veton population groups are examples of goodsthis. They were <br>In the south and east, the influence of Colonial Greek acculturation on pre-existing populations varying in social status, led to the eventual establishment of a unified Iberian culture, made up of different groups such as the Turdetani, Bastetani, Oretani, Turduli, Contestani, Edetani, Ilercaones, Ilergetae, Cessetani, Laietani, Indiketes and Sedetani. Its preponderance in the Peninsula (not in vain named Iberian), is explained by handits intense commercial activity, generally with red claythe refinement of agricultural techniques, and its specialization in typically Mediterranean crops (cereals, vines, olive trees), as well as by the development of specialized iron metallurgy and the growth of its population, which gives the entire Mediterranean coastline a higher population density. Their acts of worship and funerary rituals (cremation) reveal a well-structured social hierarchy and a more advanced society. With the introduction of palatial sistem, the peoples of this Iberian culture began the process of urbanisation. They produced important works of art like The Ladies (''damas'') of Elche (Alicante), Baza (Granada), Guardamar (Cabezo Lucero, Alicante) and Cerro de los Santos (a lost sanctuary near Yecla). They also created high quality metal works of gold and silver, as can be seen by treasures found at Jávea (Alicante) and at Cástulo and Linares (Jaén). Moreover, they had an inverted bell shapealphabet, albeit not fully unravelled which spread to the south of France and was used until it was replaced, during the period of Romanisation, by the Latin language and then elaborately decorated with horizontal bands containing geometric or shellalphabet.<br>The rest of the Peninsula reflected a conglomeration of indo-European-shaped patternsrooted peoples some more influenced by the Celts than others. There were those on the Plateau: Celtiberi, Vaccaei and Vettones; on the Atlantic coast: Celtici of the southwest, Lusitani and Callaeci (Northwest hillforts groups); and in the north, Astures, Cantabri, Autrigones, Varduli, Caristii and Berones. The Vascones located in the Navarran Pyrenees, were also in the north.<br>The most recent research on the geographical distribution of the population on the Iberian Peninsula during the Iron Age II shows an overall gradual population increase throughout the territory attributable to the expansion of walled settlements (where population tended to concentrate), impressed or cut although the growth varied from region to region. Many of these communities arose starting in the 2^nd century BC with combs or cordsthe creation of ''Oppida'', authenthic urban centres with administrative functions and sometimes glazedterritorial power. On These ''Oppida'' eventually became ''civitates'' with the Roman occupation of the Peninsula, this pottery . Life was initially decorated with international designspastoral and reliant on subsistence farming, referred to as Maritimeprimarily involving dried grains, Corded or Mixed particularly in the Douro and Ebro river basins. There were notable developments in ceramics and metallurgy (2200-2150 BC)particularly for weapons, but laterfibulas, a diverse array and bracelets) and in the growth and expansion of commercial trade. Noteworthy examples evidencing significant artistic advancement include rock sculptures of boars made (''verracos'') by the Vetton culture and the monolithic stone discs of regional designs appearedthe Cantabrian stela.}}<br>

{{ANEAutoria|Autores= María Sánchez Agustí, José Antonio Álvarez Castrillón, Mercedes de la Calle Carracedo, Daniel Galván Desvaux, Joaquín García Andrés, Isidoro González Gallego, Montserrat León Guerrero, Esther López Torres, Carlos Lozano Ruiz, Ignacio Martín Jiménez, Rosendo Martínez Rodríguez, Rafael de Miguel González}}{{ANESubirArriba}}{{ANETextoEpigrafe|epigrafe=Experimentation with metallurgy: the Bronze Ageclear}}

[[File:Enelaboracion{{CSS image crop|Image = Spain_Late-Iron-Age.-Pre--Roman-peoples_2014_map_13985_eng.jpg|bSize = 300|rightcWidth = 300|thumbcHeight = 210|noneoTop = 1|200pxoLeft = 1|Image:The Bull from Costix. Museo Arqueológico Nacional, MadridLocation = center<span style|Description ="colorMap: #b20027; ">xxx Late Iron Age. Pre-Roman peoples. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Late-Iron-Age.-Pre--Roman-peoples_2014_map_13985_eng.pdf PDF]. [Datos]//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida. <do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/span>]]In the Second Millennium BC, population growth created a greater demand for raw materials and subsistence products, causing agricultural and livestock farming (and its bySpain_Late-Iron-products) to become more widespreadAge. This still Neolithic society had already mastered metallurgical techniques and had discovered bronze, a strong alloy of copper and tin-Pre--Roman-peoples_2014_map_13985_eng. Bronze arrived on the Peninsula through the Pyrenees in the Third Millennium BC and was used along with copper to make tools and objects, according to stratigraphic studies of the Bauma del Serrat del Pont site (Girona)zip Data].}}

Trade increased during the Early Bronze Age and there are strong indications that society was becoming increasingly socially stratified. This was evidenced by the discovery of burial sites for single individuals (mainly in burial pits and megalithic cists) as well as by differences in the quality and quantity of funerary objects placed in these sites. The Argar culture, which succeeded the bell<div style="display:inline-shaped ceramic, and produced a wide range of ceramic objects, was no longer the only flourishing culture on the Peninsula, according to research carried out in the last block; vertical-align:top; float:left; width:29%; min-width:300px; margin:0; padding:5px; background-color:#EDEDED;"><div style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center; margin:0; padding:0;">IBERIAN AREA SITES</div><div style="column-count:2; column-width:100px; margin:0; padding:5px; background-color:#ffffff; vertical-align:text-top; text-align:left; font-size:80%;"><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#009651; color:#ffffff">TURDETANI</b><br>1 Tejada la Nueva<br>2 La Atalayuela<br>3 Vico<br>4 Alhonoz<br>5 Pajar de Artillo<br>6 Cerro Macareno<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#F0803E; color:#ffffff">BASTETANI</b><br>7 Basti<br>8 Tutugi<br>9 Las Cabezuelas<br>10 Los Nietos<br>11 Los Villaricos<br>12 Los Molinicos<br>13 Molata de Casa Vieja<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#FFCB05; color:#ffffff">ORETANI</b><br>14 Oreto-Zuqueca<br>15 Alarcos<br>16 Calatrava la Vieja<br>17 Cerro de las Cabezas<br>18 Sisapo<br>19 Mantesa Oretana<br>20 Cástulo<br>21 Giribaile<br>22 Puente Tablas<br>23 Cueva de la Lobera<br>24 Collado de los Jardines<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#BDCF01; color:#ffffff">TURDULI</b><br>25 La Mesilla<br>26 Tabla de las Cañas<br>27 Peñón del Pez<br>28 Cerro Cogolludo<br>29 Dehesillas<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#C63729; color:#ffffff">CONTESTANI</b><br>30 Tossal de Manises<br>31 Monforte del Cid<br>32 La Alcudia<br>33 La Serreta<br>34 El Puig<br>35 Illeta dels Bayets<br>36 El Amarejo<br>37 El Tolmo de Minateda<br>38 Pozo Moro<br>39 Coimbra del Barranco Ancho<br>40 La Senda<br>41 El Cigarralejo<br>42 Cerro de la Luz<br>43 Cobatillas la Vieja<br>44 Castillico de las Peñas<br>45 Cabezo del Tío Pío<br>46 Llano de la Consolación<br>47 Los Villares<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#2580C6; color:#ffffff">EDETANI</b><br>48 Sant Miquel<br>49 Arse<br>50 years. The Bronze Age map shows the emergence of a diversity of cultures chronologically beginning with the Protocogota settlements on the Nothern Plateau around 2000 BC.Sucro<br>51 Corral de Saus<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#009651; color:#ffffff">ILERCAONES</b><br>52 Sant Miquel<br>53 Castellet de Banyoles<br>54 Coll del Moro<br>55 La Moleta del Remei<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#F0803E; color:#ffffff">ILERGETAE</b><br>56 Iltirta<br>57 Els Villars<br>58 Moli d’Espigol<br>59 Olriols<br>60 La Vispesa<br>61 Tozal de Monderes<br>62 La Codera<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#FFCB05; color:#ffffff">CESSETANI</b><br>63 Kesse<br>64 Calafell<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#BDCF01; color:#ffffff">LAIETANI</b><br>65 Turó d’en Boscà<br>66 Ca n’Oliver<br>67 Puig Castelar<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#C63729; color:#ffffff">INDIKETES</b><br>68 Ullastret<br>69 Castell<br>70 Puig Castellet<br>71 Mas Castellar<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#2580C6; color:#ffffff">SEDETANI</b><br>72 Salduie<br>73 Cabezo de Alcalá<br>74 El Taratrato<br>75 San Antonio<br>76 Cabezo de San Pedro<br>77 El Castelillo<br>78 Kelse<br><br></div></div>

The late Bronze Age began around the 11th century BC with three different cultural currents predominating<div style="display: Central European, Atlantic, and Eastern Mediterranean. With an increase in cultural exchanges, these civilisations mixed with native cultures, eventually evolving into what are known as Preinline-Roman cultures. Major changes took place and new traditions arose. In the Northwest, they began to cremate their dead and leave their ashes in urnfields, while in the middle of the Peninsula and in the northern and western regions, highly sophisticated bronze weapons and objects were commercially traded. And lastly, merchants and new cultural groups arose in the Mediterranean and southern regions of the Peninsula, foreshadowing the future colonisation of these areas. Meanwhile, advances in metallurgy led to the development of goldsmithing, as evidenced by the Treasure of Villena block; vertical-align:top; float:left; width:69%; min-width:300px; margin:0; padding:5px; background-color:#EDEDED;"><div style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center; margin:0; padding:0;">CELTIC AREA SITES</div><div style="column-count:4; column-width:100px; margin:0; padding:5px; background-color:#ffffff; vertical-align:text-top; text-align:left; font-size:80%;"><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#009651; color:#ffffff">CELTIBERI</b><br>79 Turiasu<br>80 Arcobriga<br>81 Mundobriga<br>82 Bílbilis<br>83 Ocilis<br>84 Segóbriga<br>85 Bursada<br>86 Contrebia<br>87 El Convento<br>88 Calagurris<br>89 Botorrita<br>90 Numancia<br>91 Herrera de los Navarros<br>92 Fuentes Claras<br>93 Peñalba de Villastar<br>94 Alto Chacón<br>95 La Caridad<br>96 Puntal del Tío Garrillas<br>97 Iniesta<br>98 La Guardia<br>99 Barchín del Hoyo<br>100 Segeda<br>101 Piquete de la Atalaya<br>102 La Oruña<br>103 Uxama<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#F0803E; color:#ffffff">VACCAEI</b><br>104 Pintia<br>105 Olivares de Duero<br>106 Simancas<br>107 Montealegre de Campos<br>108 Cerro de la Ermita<br>109 Matapozuelos<br>110 Melgar de Abajo<br>111 Los Azafranales<br>112 Plaza del Castillo<br>113 Cuetos de la Estación<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#FFCB05; color:#ffffff">VETTONES</b><br>114 Las Cogotas<br>115 Los Castillejos<br>116 La Mesa de Miranda<br>117 Cerro de San Vicente<br>118 Obila<br>119 Cáparra<br>120 Ulaca<br>121 El Raso<br>122 Las Merchanas<br>123 Yecla<br>124 Irueña<br>125 El Castillo<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#BDCF01; color:#ffffff">LUSITANI-VETTON AREA</b><br>126 Alto do Corregidor<br>127 Castelo<br>128 São Martinho<br>129 Foz da Côa<br>130 Villasviejas del Tamuja<br>131 El Castillejo<br>132 El Berrocalillo<br>133 Castillejo de la Orden<br>134 Castillejo de Valdecañas<br>135 El Cofre<br>136 El Castillejo<br>137 Sierra de Santa Marina<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#C63729; color:#ffffff">CARPETANI</b><br>138 Cerro de la Gavia<br>139 Llano de la Horca<br>140 Fuente de la Mora<br>141 Miralrío<br>142 Cerro del Ecce Homo<br>143 Castro de la Dehesa de la Oliva<br>144 El Cerrón<br>145 Cerro del Gollino<br>146 Plaza de Moros<br>147 Cerro del Tío Calderico<br>148 Cerro de las Nieves<br>149 Laminium<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#2580C6; color:#ffffff">CELTICI OF THE SOUTHWEST</b><br>150 Castelo Velho<br>151 Segovia<br>152 Garvão<br>153 Corvo-Neves I<br>154 Castelho de Mértola<br>155 Castelho da Amendoeira<br>156 Atafona<br>157 Sierra del Coto<br>158 Castrejón de Capote<br>159 Castillo de Jerez<br>160 Castillejos<br>161 La Alcazaba de Badajoz<br>162 El Castañuelo<br>163 Castro de la Ermita de Belén<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#009651; color:#ffffff">CALLAECI (NORTHWEST HILLFORTS GROUPS)</b><br>164 Saceda<br>165 San Millán<br>166 Mosteiro<br>167 Laias<br>168 San Cibrán<br>169 Novás<br>170 Santa Trega<br>171 Briteiros<br>172 Sanfins<br>173 Lanhoso<br>174 Sao Julião<br>175 Muro da Pastoria<br>176 Vilarinho das Paranheiras<br>177 Cossourado<br>178 Castro de Ortov<br>179 Elviña<br>180 Meirás<br>181 Lanzada<br>182 Borneiro<br>183 Viladonga<br>184 Vilela<br>185 Neixón Grande<br>186 Vigo<br>187 Troña<br>188 Punta<br>dos Prados<br>189 A Graña Barán<br>190 Castro da Torre<br>191 O Achadizo<br>192 Castro do Vilar<br>193 As Grovas<br>194 Formigueiros<br>195 O Facho<br>196 A Ourela<br>197 Socastro<br>198 San Tomé de Nogueira<br>199 Punta Cociñadoiro<br>200 Valdamio<br>201 O Peto<br>202 Follente<br>203 Croa do Ladrido<br>204 Fazouro<br>205 Punta do Castro<br>206 A Devesa<br>207 Castro de Rei<br>208 Montealegre<br>209 Curalha<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#F0803E; color:#ffffff">AUTRIGONES</b><br>210 Arce-Mirapérez<br>211 Castros de Lastra<br>212 Alto de Rodilla (Tritium)<br>213 Monte San Juan (AlicanteVirovesca). Livestock routes stretching inland were also built, as revealed at some excavation sites such as Peña Negra in Crevillent <br>214 Cerro del Milagro (AlicanteSalionca). These external influences did not, however, impede indigenous development. Examples of this can be seen from the Cogotas culture, which extended to the Douro and Tagus river basins starting in the 11th century BC, as well as from the Talayotic culture on the Balearic Islands at the end of the Naviform period.<br>215 Necrópolis de Miraveche<br>216 Monte Socueto<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#FFCB05; color:#ffffff">CARISTII</b><br>217 Atxa<br>218 Peñas de Oro<br>219 Henaio<br>220 Marueleza<br>221 La Hoya<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#BDCF01; color:#ffffff">VARDULI</b><br>222 Intxur<br>223 Basagain<br>224 Buruntza<br>225 Muru<br>226 Munoaundi<br>227 Murugain<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#C63729; color:#ffffff">CANTABRI</b><br>228 Peña Sámano<br>229 Peña Amaya<br>230 Monte Bernorio<br>231 Peña Ulaña<br>232 Castilnegro<br>233 Celada Marlantes<br>234 El Castro<br>235 La Trijineja<br>236 Pico del Oro<br>237 La Masera<br>238 Las Eras<br>239 Los Agudos<br>240 La Lomba<br>241 Pico del Castro<br>242 El Gurugú<br>243 Peñarubia<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#2580C6; color:#ffffff">ASTURES</b><br>244 Castro de Avelâós<br>245 As Muradellas<br>246 Las Labradas<br>247 La Corona<br>248 El Buracote<br>249 El Chano<br>250 Las Rozas<br>251 El Castro<br>252 La Corona<br>253 Campa Torres<br>254 San Chuis<br>255 Chao Samartín<br>256 El Castelón<br>257 San Isidro<br>258 El Castiellu<br>259 El Esteiro<br>260 Cabo Blanco<br>261 Pendia<br><br><b style="padding:3px; background-color:#F287B3; color:#ffffff">VASCONES</b><br>263 Santa Criz<br>264 Las Eretas<br>265 El Castillar<br>266 Turbil<br>267 Arrosia<br>268 Pozo de la Mora<br>269 Altikogaña<br><br></div></div>

[[File:Enelaboracion.jpg{{ANEAutoria|center|thumb|300px|Map: The Bronze Age. Spain.]]Autores= María Sánchez Agustí, José Antonio Álvarez Castrillón, Mercedes de la Calle Carracedo, Daniel Galván Desvaux, Joaquín García Andrés, Isidoro González Gallego, Montserrat León Guerrero, Esther López Torres, Carlos Lozano Ruiz, Ignacio Martín Jiménez, Rosendo Martínez Rodríguez, Rafael de Miguel González}}

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