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The Middle Ages in the Peninsula is the historical period that goes from the battle of Guadalete (711) –other records situate its beginning in 540 when the new seat of the Visigothic kingdom is established in Toledo– up to 1492, the year of the conquest of Granada, the discovery of America, the first grammar of the language by Nebrija, and the expulsion of the Jews. It is debated however, whether the period led by the Catholic Monarchs Isabella and Ferdinand (1469-1517) can no longer be considered medieval but typical of the Modern Age, the next period. On the other hand, traditional historiography calls ''Reconquista'' to these eight hundred years, understood as a permanent struggle for the “recovery of Spain”. This idea was coined by the Mozarabs, who fled from the Islamised south of the Peninsula to the Christian lands of the north.<br>

The Peninsula became an emirate (military and adminitrative territory) of the Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus, which renounced further expansion to the west (Al-Andalus) after being defeated by the Franks of Charles Martel in Poitiers (732).<br>

The triumph of the rebellion of the Abbasids against the Umayyads (750) caused the flight of a young prince through North Africa to Córdoba, where he was proclaimed emir, but independent of Baghdad, the new capital city of the Abbasid Caliphate. It was Abd-al Rahman I, who inaugurated the dynasty of the Spanish-Muslim Umayyads in 756.<br>

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The trail of a Hispanic Islam, once the caliphate had disappeared, and although generating a rich and flourishing cultural and economic period, was impossible because of the irrepressible pressure of the Christian kingdoms. The taifa kings successively called on the help of two warlike fundamentalist movements that emerged in North Africa: the Almoravids (11^th-12^th centuries) and the Almohads (12^th-13^th centuries). Nevertheless, for almost three centuries, the two North African empires were a suprastructure, more military and less political, with which the Spanish-Muslim aristocracies coexisted. Great victories of the Almoravids (Sagrajas and Uclés) and Almohads (Alarcos) did not reverse the situation in the Peninsula.<br>

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With the advances to the South, it was necessary to populate the new territory. At first, some peasants, the ''foramontanos'', came down from the North and occupied these empty lands and some monks (Mozarabs) also went up fleeing from the Muslims and built monasterys. It was the Asturian-Leonese ''presura'' and the sub-Pyrenean ''aprisio'' system.

To legalise the occupations and encourage repopulation, the Monarchs promoted councils, through the granting of ''cartas pueblas'', or municipal charter with privileges for those who populated an area.

The North African invasions were answered by [https://historiageneral.com/wp-content/uploads/ordenes_militares_historia.png military orders], which obtained extensive territories in reward.

The conquered cities suffered repartitions, handing over of houses and orchards as spoils to the participants in the campaign, and in turn the nobility received huge estates.

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[[Category:History]]

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