Difference between revisions of "Talk:Downward phase of the pandemic"
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[[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Mapa: Casos de COVID-19 durante la fase descendente de la pandemia. 2020. España.]] | [[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Mapa: Casos de COVID-19 durante la fase descendente de la pandemia. 2020. España.]] | ||
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| − | </ul></div> | + | </ul></div>The downward phase of the COVID-19 pandemic lasted longer than the rising phase, i.e. from 21 March to 30 June 2020. The evolution of the main variables was brought under control after several weeks of strict lockdown, during which only professionals of essential activities were allowed to work and travel. It shall be borne in mind that Spain ranked second in the international context in terms of the amount of COVID-19 cases and the number of deaths from COVID-19 from the end of March to mid-April 2020. |
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[[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Mapa: Hospitalizados por COVID-19 durante la fase descendente de la pandemia. 2020. España.]] | [[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Mapa: Hospitalizados por COVID-19 durante la fase descendente de la pandemia. 2020. España.]] | ||
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| − | </ul></div> | + | </ul></div>The effects of the state of alarm and the subsequent lockdown proved effective in deterring the progression of the pandemic in Spain. These public health measures impacted society in many different ways, i.e. from the most obvious ones, such as tempering the negative effects on health and slowing down economic activity, to the more intangible ones, such as the mood of the population. |
| − | + | The highest amount of new COVID-19 cases was registered on 23 March 2020, when 8,444 new cases were recorded. From 1 April onwards, the fall was continuous. After 12 April 2020, the amount of new daily COVID-19 cases stood below 3,000. On 3 May, the amount of cases stood around 500. Lower figures were reached after early June 2020. | |
| − | + | The cumulative regional incidence of COVID-19 cases per 100,000 inhabitants was consistent with the spatial patterns observed during the rising phase of the pandemic. The provinces of Castile and León (Castilla y León) (e.g. over 1,500 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in Segovia and Soria), Castile-La Mancha (Castilla-La Mancha) (e.g. over 1,000 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in Ciudad Real), Extremadura, Madrid, La Rioja, Biscay (Bizkaia), Navarre (Navarra), Huesca, Lleida and Barcelona showed figures well above the national average (362.5 cases per 100,000 inhabitants). In absolute terms, there was a significant rise in the amount of daily COVID-19 cases in the provinces of Madrid and Barcelona, where nearly 17,000 and 12,000 cumulative cases had been recorded by 31 March. | |
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[[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Mapa: Ingresados en la UCI por COVID-19 durante la fase descendente de la pandemia. 2020. España.]] | [[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Mapa: Ingresados en la UCI por COVID-19 durante la fase descendente de la pandemia. 2020. España.]] | ||
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| − | </ul></div> | + | </ul></div>By the end of June 2020, these figures had risen to 37,000 in Madrid and 32,000 in Barcelona. Biscay (Bizkaia), Navarre (Navarra), Valencia and Ciudad Real registered figures of around 5,000 cumulative cases during the first half of 2020. |
| − | + | Daily hospital admissions due to COVID-19 reached the highest levels from 21 to 31 March 2020, when over 5,000 admissions were registered every day. From 1 to 3 April 2020, figures stood around 3,000 hospital admissions per day. By 11 April 2020, these figures had been reduced to 1,000 hospital admissions/day, and by the last week of April they stood by 500. From then until late June, daily hospital admissions were below 200/100,000 inhabitants. A very high hospital admission rate due to COVID-19 was to be observed in the province of Barcelona and in the Spanish hinterland, with figures well above the national average (185.2 hospital admissions per 100,000 inhabitants). The provinces of Segovia, Cuenca and Ciudad Real stood out with over 500 hospital admissions per 100,000 inhabitants. In absolute terms, the provinces of Madrid and Barcelona registered 28,000 and 14,000 hospital admissions in total. | |
<div><ul style="text-align: left; float:left; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px"> | <div><ul style="text-align: left; float:left; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px"> | ||
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[[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Mapa: Fallecidos por COVID-19 durante la fase descendente de la pandemia. 2020. España. ]] | [[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Mapa: Fallecidos por COVID-19 durante la fase descendente de la pandemia. 2020. España. ]] | ||
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| − | </ul></div> | + | </ul></div>The evolution in the number of admissions to Intensive Care Units (ICUs) due to COVID-19 peaked on 24 March, when 547 new patients were admitted to ICUs. From this date onwards, figures gradually decreased. On 9 April 2020, 100 admissions were approximately recorded every day. After 9 May, there were less than 10. The spatial patterns registered in the amount of patients admitted to ICUs is opposite to the spatial distribution observed in the total amount of hospital admissions due to COVID-19. The Northwest, the South and Aragón registered from 10 to 15%, whilst the national average stood by 7.6%. The high percentage registered in the province of Las Palmas shall be pointed out, where 23.0-26.9% of the total amount of patients in hospital due to COVID-19 were admitted to ICUs. |
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[[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Mapa: Fallecidos por COVID-19 de más 80 años en la fase descendente de la pandemia. 2020. España.]] | [[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Mapa: Fallecidos por COVID-19 de más 80 años en la fase descendente de la pandemia. 2020. España.]] | ||
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| − | </ul></div> | + | </ul></div>Deaths from COVID-19 registered the highest figures towards the end of March 2020, being 909 the highest amount of deaths registered in one single day. There was a slight drop during the first week of April (between 700 and 800 deaths per day). From 22 April onwards, figures stood below 400. During the first half of May, slightly over 100 deaths were reported every day. From 13 May onwards, figures stood below 100. Towards the end of June 2020 figures were close to ten deaths per day. In absolute terms, the provinces of Madrid and Barcelona registered 7,600 and 5,300 deaths during the first half of 2020. In relative terms, however, the provinces of Castile-La Mancha (Castilla-La Mancha) and the south-east of Castile and León (Castilla y León) registered the highest mortality rates due to COVID-19 (between 100 and 250 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants), whilst the national average stood by 58.9. |
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| − | + | The age-sex pyramid of the deceased from COVID-19 during the downward phase of the pandemic shows the increased vulnerability to COVID-19 of older age groups in both sexes. Women showed higher fatality rates during this period than in the previous phase, especially in the older cohort (over 90 years of age). In the case of men, a higher incidence was observed in groups from 75 to 89 years of age. The amount of deaths in young adult population was very low. From a spatial point of view, a sharp contrast was shown between the North and the South in relation to the amount of deceased over 80 years of age. Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria, the Basque Country (Euskadi/País Vasco), Castile and León (Castilla y León), Aragón and Catalonia (Cataluña) registered figures above the national average (62.6%). The province of Ourense showed the highest percentage: 80% of the deceased were over 80 years of age. | |
| − | + | In short, the older age-sex pyramid in northern Spain meant a higher amount of deaths from COVID-19. | |
{{ANETextoDestacado|titulo=<br>|contenido=Los datos sobre casos de COVID-19 se descargaron en octubre de 2020 de la página web de la Red Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica (RENAVE). En aquel momento, no estaban disponibles a descarga los datos sobre el resto de las variables, por lo que se hizo a RENAVE una petición a medida para el Atlas. Cabe resaltar que “todos los resultados son provisionales y deben interpretarse con precaución porque se ofrece la información disponible en el momento de la extracción de datos”. | {{ANETextoDestacado|titulo=<br>|contenido=Los datos sobre casos de COVID-19 se descargaron en octubre de 2020 de la página web de la Red Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica (RENAVE). En aquel momento, no estaban disponibles a descarga los datos sobre el resto de las variables, por lo que se hizo a RENAVE una petición a medida para el Atlas. Cabe resaltar que “todos los resultados son provisionales y deben interpretarse con precaución porque se ofrece la información disponible en el momento de la extracción de datos”. | ||
Revision as of 10:30, 16 March 2022
The COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. First wave: from the first cases to the end of June 2020
Monographs from the National Atlas of Spain. New content
Thematic structure > The COVID-19 pandemic in Spain > Downward phase of the pandemic
The downward phase of the COVID-19 pandemic lasted longer than the rising phase, i.e. from 21 March to 30 June 2020. The evolution of the main variables was brought under control after several weeks of strict lockdown, during which only professionals of essential activities were allowed to work and travel. It shall be borne in mind that Spain ranked second in the international context in terms of the amount of COVID-19 cases and the number of deaths from COVID-19 from the end of March to mid-April 2020.
The effects of the state of alarm and the subsequent lockdown proved effective in deterring the progression of the pandemic in Spain. These public health measures impacted society in many different ways, i.e. from the most obvious ones, such as tempering the negative effects on health and slowing down economic activity, to the more intangible ones, such as the mood of the population.
The highest amount of new COVID-19 cases was registered on 23 March 2020, when 8,444 new cases were recorded. From 1 April onwards, the fall was continuous. After 12 April 2020, the amount of new daily COVID-19 cases stood below 3,000. On 3 May, the amount of cases stood around 500. Lower figures were reached after early June 2020.
The cumulative regional incidence of COVID-19 cases per 100,000 inhabitants was consistent with the spatial patterns observed during the rising phase of the pandemic. The provinces of Castile and León (Castilla y León) (e.g. over 1,500 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in Segovia and Soria), Castile-La Mancha (Castilla-La Mancha) (e.g. over 1,000 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in Ciudad Real), Extremadura, Madrid, La Rioja, Biscay (Bizkaia), Navarre (Navarra), Huesca, Lleida and Barcelona showed figures well above the national average (362.5 cases per 100,000 inhabitants). In absolute terms, there was a significant rise in the amount of daily COVID-19 cases in the provinces of Madrid and Barcelona, where nearly 17,000 and 12,000 cumulative cases had been recorded by 31 March.
By the end of June 2020, these figures had risen to 37,000 in Madrid and 32,000 in Barcelona. Biscay (Bizkaia), Navarre (Navarra), Valencia and Ciudad Real registered figures of around 5,000 cumulative cases during the first half of 2020.
Daily hospital admissions due to COVID-19 reached the highest levels from 21 to 31 March 2020, when over 5,000 admissions were registered every day. From 1 to 3 April 2020, figures stood around 3,000 hospital admissions per day. By 11 April 2020, these figures had been reduced to 1,000 hospital admissions/day, and by the last week of April they stood by 500. From then until late June, daily hospital admissions were below 200/100,000 inhabitants. A very high hospital admission rate due to COVID-19 was to be observed in the province of Barcelona and in the Spanish hinterland, with figures well above the national average (185.2 hospital admissions per 100,000 inhabitants). The provinces of Segovia, Cuenca and Ciudad Real stood out with over 500 hospital admissions per 100,000 inhabitants. In absolute terms, the provinces of Madrid and Barcelona registered 28,000 and 14,000 hospital admissions in total.
The evolution in the number of admissions to Intensive Care Units (ICUs) due to COVID-19 peaked on 24 March, when 547 new patients were admitted to ICUs. From this date onwards, figures gradually decreased. On 9 April 2020, 100 admissions were approximately recorded every day. After 9 May, there were less than 10. The spatial patterns registered in the amount of patients admitted to ICUs is opposite to the spatial distribution observed in the total amount of hospital admissions due to COVID-19. The Northwest, the South and Aragón registered from 10 to 15%, whilst the national average stood by 7.6%. The high percentage registered in the province of Las Palmas shall be pointed out, where 23.0-26.9% of the total amount of patients in hospital due to COVID-19 were admitted to ICUs.
Deaths from COVID-19 registered the highest figures towards the end of March 2020, being 909 the highest amount of deaths registered in one single day. There was a slight drop during the first week of April (between 700 and 800 deaths per day). From 22 April onwards, figures stood below 400. During the first half of May, slightly over 100 deaths were reported every day. From 13 May onwards, figures stood below 100. Towards the end of June 2020 figures were close to ten deaths per day. In absolute terms, the provinces of Madrid and Barcelona registered 7,600 and 5,300 deaths during the first half of 2020. In relative terms, however, the provinces of Castile-La Mancha (Castilla-La Mancha) and the south-east of Castile and León (Castilla y León) registered the highest mortality rates due to COVID-19 (between 100 and 250 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants), whilst the national average stood by 58.9.
The age-sex pyramid of the deceased from COVID-19 during the downward phase of the pandemic shows the increased vulnerability to COVID-19 of older age groups in both sexes. Women showed higher fatality rates during this period than in the previous phase, especially in the older cohort (over 90 years of age). In the case of men, a higher incidence was observed in groups from 75 to 89 years of age. The amount of deaths in young adult population was very low. From a spatial point of view, a sharp contrast was shown between the North and the South in relation to the amount of deceased over 80 years of age. Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria, the Basque Country (Euskadi/País Vasco), Castile and León (Castilla y León), Aragón and Catalonia (Cataluña) registered figures above the national average (62.6%). The province of Ourense showed the highest percentage: 80% of the deceased were over 80 years of age.
In short, the older age-sex pyramid in northern Spain meant a higher amount of deaths from COVID-19.
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Los datos sobre casos de COVID-19 se descargaron en octubre de 2020 de la página web de la Red Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica (RENAVE). En aquel momento, no estaban disponibles a descarga los datos sobre el resto de las variables, por lo que se hizo a RENAVE una petición a medida para el Atlas. Cabe resaltar que “todos los resultados son provisionales y deben interpretarse con precaución porque se ofrece la información disponible en el momento de la extracción de datos”. Para el análisis de los casos se ha tenido en cuenta la cifra por fecha de inicio de síntomas y provincia de residencia: “desde el inicio de la pandemia hasta el 10 de mayo, la fecha de inicio de síntomas o, en su defecto, la fecha de diagnóstico menos 6 días. A partir del 11 de mayo, la fecha de inicio de síntomas, o en su defecto, la fecha de diagnóstico menos 3 días, o la fecha de diagnóstico para los casos asintomáticos” (RENAVE). La delimitación de las fases de análisis se sustenta en el número de casos: desde el inicio de datos disponibles hasta el 8 de marzo para los Primeros casos; entre el 9 y 20 de marzo para la Fase ascendente y entre el 21 de marzo y 30 de junio para la Fase descendente. En cada una de las fases y para todas las variables analizadas, se han establecido unas fechas de corte, en las que los datos son acumulados para cada una de ellas, dada la imposibilidad de representar los datos diarios en las escalas utilizadas. Los hospitalizados por COVID-19 e ingresados en la UCI por COVID-19 se han contabilizado según la fecha de diagnóstico y provincia de residencia. Cuando no consta la fecha, se ha utilizado la de la declaración a la comunidad autónoma. Los fallecidos por COVID-19 aluden a la fecha de fallecimiento y, cuando no consta, se ha usado la de la declaración a la comunidad autónoma o la de diagnóstico. |
Plan de desescalada
El Consejo de Ministros del Gobierno de España de 28 de abril aprobó un Plan de Desescalada, una vez transcurridas siete semanas desde la entrada en vigor del Real Decreto de 14 de marzo de 2020 por el que se estableció el Estado de Alarma. Vista, por un lado, la reducción del impacto sanitario producido por la pandemia COVID-19, y, por otro, la afección tan negativa sobre la actividad económica global, se publicó la Orden del Ministerio de Sanidad de 3 de mayo que regulaba la aplicación del citado plan mediante un proceso de gobernanza conjunta con las comunidades autónomas y las ciudades de Ceuta y Melilla.
El objetivo del Plan de Desescalada fue “conseguir que, manteniendo como referencia la protección de la salud pública, se recupere paulatinamente la vida cotidiana y la actividad económica, minimizando el riesgo que representa la epidemia para la salud de la población y evitando que las capacidades del Sistema Nacional de Salud puedan verse desbordadas”. La transición a la nueva normalidad debía realizarse al amparo de tres notas esenciales: gradualidad, asimetría y adaptación. La primera quedaba reflejada en las fases establecidas que entrañaban una clara progresividad; la segunda aludía a que se haría mediante acuerdos con las comunidades y ciudades autónomas; la tercera se refería a los posibles cambios que fueran necesarios introducir en función de los indicadores epidemiológicos.
La decisión del discurrir de una fase a otra en los diferentes territorios correspondió al Ministro de Sanidad, tomando en consideración un proceso de gobernanza conjunta con las comunidades y ciudades autónomas; ello implicaba, al menos, una reunión bilateral entre el Ministerio de Sanidad y la consejería correspondiente. Cada comunidad autónoma y las ciudades de Ceuta y Melilla fueron remitiendo con una semana de antelación las propuestas de transición entre fases con los informes preceptivos que contenían, al menos, una descripción del estado epidemiológico y la fase en que se encontraba, una relación de medidas a tomar en la nueva fase a la que se deseaba transitar y las capacidades estratégicas del sistema sanitario para hacer frente a una evolución de la epidemia que pudiera acarrear un mayor riesgo de transmisión en la población.
Una última característica a tener en cuenta fue que, aun siendo la provincia el ámbito de aplicación más normal, podían establecerse unidades geográficas de menor extensión dentro de aquélla por la conveniencia de otorgar a las mismas un tratamiento diferenciado.
En este apartado, se visualiza cartográficamente el proceso de desescalada que se dio en los diferentes territorios de España y, para el conjunto del país, la evolución de los indicadores más significativos en los cuatro gráficos adjuntos a este texto. Además, en el texto destacado se sintetiza la caracterización de cada una de las fases por las que fueron transitando los territorios de las comunidades autónomas y las ciudades de Ceuta y Melilla.
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FASES DE LA DESESCALADA Fase 0 o de la preparación de la desescalada. Existen medidas de alivio comunes para todo el país que permiten la movilidad fuera del domicilio, fundamentalmente en el ámbito privado, y medidas sobre actividades con un riesgo asociado de contagio muy bajo o nulo, siempre que se cumplan las indicaciones de seguridad. A lo largo de esta fase se intensifica la preparación de todos los locales públicos con señalización y medidas de protección para preparar el comienzo de la siguiente fase. También se podrán adoptar medidas que afecten a determinados territorios. En particular, islas sin movilidad exterior y con tasas de contagio prácticamente nulas; en consecuencia, la isla de Formentera en Illes Balears y La Gomera, El Hierro y La Graciosa en Canarias podrán anticipar su desescalada, situándose en la Fase I.
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Co-authorship of the text in Spanish: Carmen Bentué Martínez, María Caudevilla Lambán, Carlos López Escolano, Raúl Postigo Vidal, María Sebastián López y María Zúñiga Antón. See the list of members engaged
Recursos relacionados
You can download the complete publication The COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. First wave: from the first cases to the end of June 2020 in Libros Digitales del ANE site.
Categoría:Servicios y equipamientos sociales Categoría:Estructura territorial
