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This chapter focuses on some aspects that are present on a territory prior to the arrival of a disease and may favour or hinder the diffusion of the pandemic once the disease starts spreading, e.g. household overcrowding, healthy life years, age structure of the population, total amount of inhabitants per human settlement or the different types of human settlements. Population and human settlements are studied first in this chapter, whilst the text delves afterwards into a double-page devoted to comorbidities.
[[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Map: Total population and population density. 2020. Spain. [ PDF]. [ DatosData]. [ Versión interactiva].]]
There were 47,450,795 inhabitants in Spain as of 1 January 2020. This means an average population density of 93.6 inhabitants/km2. It is the fourth State within the European Union in terms of total population and ranks seventeenth in terms of population density. The spatial distribution of the population in Spain shows at first glance a sharp contrast between a denser periphery –together with the islands– and a more empty hinterland –with the only exceptions of Madrid, Saragossa (Zaragoza) and Valladolid– (see the map on Total population and population density).
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[[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Rural population. 2020. Spain. [ PDF]. [ DatosData]. [ interactiva].]]
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[[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Urban macrocephaly. 2020. Spain. [ PDF]. [ DatosData]. Versiones interactivas [] ]]
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[[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Density of human settlements. 2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_Densidad-de-asentamientos_2020_mapa_18025_spa.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_Densidad-de-asentamientos_2020_mapa_18025_spa.zip DatosData]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c_112_t.c_112_t&s=2020&t=A02&view=map8 Versión interactiva].]]
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[[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Population living in scattered villages by municipality. 2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_Poblacion-en-diseminado-por-municipio_2020_mapa_18026_spa.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_Poblacion-en-diseminado-por-municipio_2020_mapa_18026_spa.zip DatosData]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c_113_t.c_113_t&s=2020&t=A02&view=map8 Versión interactiva].]]
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[[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Mapa: Human settlementes. 2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_Entidades-de-poblacion_2020_mapa_18023_spa.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_Entidades-de-poblacion_2020_mapa_18023_spa.zip DatosData] [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=r_109_t.r_109_t&i2=c_108_t.c_108_t&s=2020&s2=2020&t=A02&t2=A02&view=map9 Versión interactiva].]]
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[[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Population living in scattered villages by province. 2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_Poblacion-en-diseminado_2020_mapa_18024_spa.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_Poblacion-en-diseminado_2020_mapa_18024_spa.zip DatosData]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=r_111_t.r_111_t&i2=c_110_t.c_110_t&s=2020&s2=2020&t=A02&t2=A02&view=map9 Versión interactiva].]]]
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The maps showing human settlements throughout the Spanish territory seem to be very explanatory. At first glance, there is an outstanding number of human settlements in the Northwest in relation to the rest of the country (see the map on Human settlements). However, a more detailed analysis could conclude that certain differences may be observed in the rest of the country as the map on Density of human settlements, which shows a more detailed unit of anaysis as it moves from a provincial level to a municipal division, reveals areas with a significant density of human settlements such as the outskirts of the Metropolitan Area of Madrid, central and northern Catalonia (Catalunya/Cataluña), some areas in the Region of Valencia (Comunitat Valenciana), the southeast of the Region of Murcia (Región de Murcia), eastern Andalusia (Andalucía), the central area of the province of Salamanca as well as some of the Canary Islands (Canarias).
Besides, the maps showing the Population population living in scattered villages ([[File:Population living in scattered villages by province.jpg| ''by province'']] and [[File:Population living in scattered villages by municipality.jpg| ''by municipality'']] ), i.e. villages different to the capital town of the municipality, reveal a sharp contrast between the periphery [especially Galicia, western Asturias, the Basque Country (Euskadi/País Vasco), northwestern Navarre (Navarra), the district called Maestrazgo/Maestrat between the regions of Aragón and Valencia, as well as a long strip that goes from Alicante/Alacant to Cádiz], where more people live in scattered villages, and the Spanish hinterland, where lower figures are shown on both maps since more people live in the capital town of the municipality. In short, population distribution is more scattered along the coast, whether for geographical, historical or functional reasons. In the hinterland, by contrast, a greater concentration in terms of human settlements may be observed, yet certain differences shall be pointed out, i.e. human settlements are closer to each other although smaller in size in the Northern Plateau, whereas a smaller number of settlements that are more distant from each other and which have municipalities larger in size may be observed in the Southern Plateau.
Certain features of population distribution and human concentration have been described so far. Three further aspects are analysed in the following paragraphs, i.e. age structure, levels of household overcrowding and healthy life years.
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[[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Population under 60 years of age. 2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_Poblacion-menor-de-60-anos_2020_mapa_17748_spa.pdf PDF]. [ DatosData]. [ Versión interactiva].]]
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[[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Map: Population from 60 to 85 years of age. 2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_Poblacion-entre-60-y-85-anos_2020_mapa_17749_spa.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_Poblacion-entre-60-y-85-anos_2020_mapa_17749_spa.zip DatosData]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=r12124.v12124&i2=c12125.c12125&t=A02&t2=A02&view=map9 Versión interactiva].]]
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[[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Map: Population over 85 years of age. 2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_Poblacion-mayor-de-85-anos_2020_mapa_17750_spa.pdf PDF]. [ DatosData]. [ Versión interactiva].]]
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[[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Households with 5 or more members. 2019. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_Hogares-con-cinco-o-mas-personas_2019_mapa_17763_spa.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_Hogares-con-cinco-o-mas-personas_2019_mapa_17763_spa.zip DatosData]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=s17763.s17763&i2=c12131.c12131&t=A01&t2=A01&view=map9 Versión interactiva].]]
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[[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Healthy life years. 2007-2018. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_Esperanza-de-vida-en-buena-salud_2007-2018_mapa_18147_spa.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_Esperanza-de-vida-en-buena-salud_2007-2018_mapa_18147_spa.zip DatosData]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c12628.c12628&t=A02&view=map10 Versión interactiva].]]
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The national average of households with five or more members out of the total amount of households lies by 5.7% (see the map on [[File:Households with 5 or more members.jpg| ''Households with 5 or more members'']]). The provinces of Almería and Murcia stand out as their figures rise to around 9%, whilst on the other end of the scale some provinces on the Northern Plateau, next to the Portuguese border as well as Asturias fall to around 4%. Figures in the rest of the country are similar to the national average.
The region is used as spatial unit of analysis on the map on [[File:Healthy life years.jpg| ''Healthy life years'']]. A double point of view is taken into account, i.e. healthy life years at birth and at the age of 65. In the first case, a graph shows the evolution from 2007 to 2018 with very contrasting profiles that do not allow deducing well-defined spatial behaviours. In the second case, however, a larger extension of healthy life at the age of 65 seems to be detected in the northern hinterland as well as in Galicia, the Basque Country (Euskadi/País Vasco) and the Balearic Islands (Illes Balears).
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