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[[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|left|thumb|none|300px|Statistical graph: Evolution in the public expediture of the National Administration. 2015-2020. Spain.]]
[[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|right|thumb|none|300px|Map: Public expediture of the Regional Administrations per capita. 2020. Spain.]]
[[File:Logo MonografíaEurope_Public-deficit-in-the-member-states-of-the-European-Union_2011-2020_map_18392_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Public deficit in the members member states of the European Union. 2011-2020. Europe. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Europe_Public-deficit-in-the-member-states-of-the-European-Union_2011-2020_map_18392_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Europe_Public-deficit-in-the-member-states-of-the-European-Union_2011-2020_map_18392_eng.zip Data].]]
[[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|right|thumb|none|300px|Map: Cumulative public debt of the regional Administrations. 2008-2020. Spain.]]The pandemic tested the capacity of the Public Administrations (national, regional and local) to react to the effects of the crisis on the business fabric and on society in general, especially on a social level (health, education and labour market).
On the one hand, the sharp drop in economic activity forced implementing and extending direct support mechanisms, such as furloughs, which mobilised large amount of resources to cushion the impact of the pandemic on employment and on the business fabric and pave the way for a rapid recovery. On the other hand, basic public services, such as health and education, required additional funding to serve the population directly affected by the disease, roll out a mass vaccination programme, and ease non-face-to-face teaching modes and smaller student/teacher ratios.
