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[[File:Logo MonografíaBrussels_Evolution-of-NO2-air-pollution-in-Brussels_2019-2020_statisticalgraph_18607_eng.jpg||left|thumb|300px|Statistical graph: Evolution of NO<sub>2</sub> air pollution in Brussels. 2019-2020. Brussels.]]
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[[File:Logo MonografíaLondon_Evolution-of-NO2-air-pollution-in-London_2019-2020_statisticalgraph_18608_eng.jpg||left|thumb|300px|Statistical graph: Evolution of NO<sub>2</sub> air pollution in London. 2019-2020. London.]]
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[[File:Logo MonografíaMadrid_Evolution-of-NO2-air-pollution-in-Madrid_2019-2020_statisticalgraph_18597_eng.jpg||left|thumb|300px|Statistical graph: Evolution of NO<sub>2</sub> air pollution in Madrid. 2019-2020. Madrid.]]
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[[File:Logo MonografíaMilan_Evolution-of-NO2-air-pollution-in-Milan_2019-2020_statisticalgraph_18598_eng.jpg||left|thumb|300px|Statistical graph: Evolution of NO<sub>2</sub> air pollution in Milan. 2019-2020. Milan.]]
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[[File:Logo MonografíaParis_Evolution-of-NO2-air-pollution-in-Paris_2019-2020_statisticalgraph_18599_eng.jpg||left|thumb|300px|Statistical graph: Evolution of NO<sub>2</sub> air pollution in Paris. 2019-2020. Paris.]]
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[[File:Logo MonografíaPrague_Evolution-of-NO2-air-pollution-in-Prague_2019-2020_statisticalgraph_18600_eng.jpg||left|thumb|300px|Statistical graph: Evolution of NO<sub>2</sub> air pollution in Prague. 2019-2020. Prague.]]
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[[File:Logo MonografíaVienna_Evolution-of-NO2-air-pollution-in-Vienna_2019-2020_statisticalgraph_18602_eng.jpg||left|thumb|300px|Statistical graph: Evolution of NO<sub>2</sub> air pollution in Vienna. 2019-2020. Vienna.]]
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[[File:Logo MonografíaWarsaw_Evolution-of-NO2-air-pollution-in-Warsaw_2019-2020_statisticalgraph_18601_eng.jpg||left|thumb|300px|Statistical graph: Evolution of NO<sub>2</sub> air pollution in Warsaw. 2019-2020. Warsaw.]]
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{{ANETextoEpigrafe|epigrafe=Noise pollution}}
[[File:Logo MonografíaSpain_Noise-pollution-in-Madrid-during-lockdown_2019-2020_statisticalgraph_18617_eng.jpg||left|thumb|300px|Statistical graph: Noise pollution in Madrid during lockdown. 2019-2020. Spain.]]The World Health Organisation regards noise pollution as the second most dangerous environmental risk for the population, after air pollution. Specifically, the European Environment Agency (EEA) estimates that 20% of the European population is exposed to levels of long-term noise pollution (threshold of 55 dB during the day and 45 dB at night) that endanger their health by leading to hearing loss, mental health issues and a reduced quality of life.
[[File:Madrid_Variation-in-noise-levels-in-Madrid-during-lockdown_2019-2020_map_18614_eng.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Map: Variation in noise levels in Madrid during lockdown. 2019-2020. Madrid. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Madrid_Variation-in-noise-levels-in-Madrid-during-lockdown_2019-2020_map_18614_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Madrid_Variation-in-noise-levels-in-Madrid-during-lockdown_2019-2020_map_18614_eng.zip Data]. ]]
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[[File:Logo MonografíaBarcelona_Noise-levels-in-Barcelona-during-the-first-wave-of-the-pandemic_2019-2020_statisticalgraph_18615_eng.jpg||left|thumb|300px|Statistical graph: Noise levels in Barcelona during the first wave of the pandemic. 2019-2020. Barcelona.]]
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[[File:Logo MonografíaBarcelona_Noise-levels-due-to-nightlife-in-Barcelona-during-the-first-wave-of-the-pandemic_2019-2020_statisticalgraph_18623_eng.jpg||left|thumb|300px|Statistical graph: Noise levels due to nightlife in Barcelona during the first wave of the pandemic. 2019-2020. Barcelona.]]
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</ul></div>In Barcelona, data from the City Council used for the graph on ''[[:File:Noise Barcelona_Noise-levels -in -Barcelona -during -the -first -wave -of -the pandemic-pandemic_2019-2020_statisticalgraph_18615_eng.jpg|Noise levels in Barcelona during the first wave of the pandemic]]'' show minimum figures registered at the beginning of the state of alarm in gauging stations with heavy, moderate an light traffic (between 65-50 dB). These figures show a significant decrease from the equivalent average figures for 2019 (70-56 dB) and the virtual disappearance of noise pollution. However, noise pollution increased on data for 2020 with the return to work during phases 0, 1 and 2 of the downscaling process, with some exceptions at light traffic gauging stations. It is important to note that the figures recorded at the start of phase 2 were close to the baseline figures for 2019, especially in areas with heavy traffic, which means reductions were temporary. The graph on the ''[[:File:Noise Barcelona_Noise-levels -due -to -nightlife -in -Barcelona -during -the -first -wave -of -the pandemic-pandemic_2019-2020_statisticalgraph_18623_eng.jpg|Noise levels due to nightlife in Barcelona during the first wave of the pandemic]]'' shows how noise pollution from nightlife fell from over 60 dB, recorded for the March-June 2019 period, to 50 dB on most streets (pedestrian streets with nightlife venues, streets with traffic and nightlife venues and streets with bar terraces and people gathering) during the state of alarm, the return to work and the subsequent phases. A rapid increase in noise levels (55-57 dB) was, however, detected on streets with bar terraces during phases 1 and 2 of the downscaling process.
Finally, the drop in economic activity and transport led to a reduction in the seismic noise made by the vibrations of the earth’s crust. This reduction eased detecting and monitoring lower intensity earthquakes and volcanic activity, amongst other seismic events, as shown in the examples for Granada and Lorca (Region of Murcia/Región de Murcia).
<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto">{{ANETextoAsociado|titulo=Seismic noise|contenido= <div><ul style="text-align: left; float:right; margin-left:10px; margin-right:20px">
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[[File:Logo MonografíaGranada_Evolution-in-seismic-noise-recorded-by-stations-from-the-National-Seismic-Network.-Granada_2020_statisticalgraph_18629_eng.jpg||right|thumb|300px|Statistical graph: Evolution in seismic noise recorded by stations from the National Seismic Network. Granada. 2020. Granada.]]
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[[File:Logo MonografíaLorca_Evolution-in-seismic-noise-recorded-by-stations-from-the-National-Seismic-Network.-Lorca_2020_statisticalgraph_18626_eng.jpg||right|thumb|300px|Statistical graph: Evolution in seismic noise recorded by stations from the National Seismic Network. Lorca. 2020. Lorca.]]
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</ul></div><ul style="text-align: left">The Geographic Institute of Spain [http://www.ign.es/web/resources/sismologia/acelerografos/acelerografos.html monitors accelerometers] placed in urban areas in the most seismically active Spanish regions. The primary purpose of these seismic stations is to record the intense ground movements caused by earthquakes. However, due to their urban locations, they may also provide accurate recordings of the cultural or anthropic seismic noise levels caused by human activity, such as traffic, industry and other causes of ground vibrations. <br>
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[[File:Logo MonografíaSeville_Evolution-in--water-consumption-by-households-in-the-city-of-Seville_2019-2020_statisticalgraph_18618_eng.jpg||right|thumb|300px|Statistical graph: Evolution in water consumption by households in the city of Seville. 2019-2020. Seville.]]
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[[File:Logo MonografíaSeville_Evolution-in-water-consumption-by-the-industry-in-the-city-of-Seville_2019-2020_statisticalgraph_18619_eng.jpg||right|thumb|300px|Statistical graph: Evolution in water consumption by the industry in the city of Seville. 2019-2020. Seville.]]
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</ul></div>Beyond the supplying and processing guarantees, the Ministry for the Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge, together with the Ministry of Health, followed the recommendations from the European Union on the systematic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 (EU, 2021) by launching an early-warning system based on monitoring the virus in urban wastewater (VATar COVID-19). As a result, traces of the genetic material of the virus in urban wastewater were detected and could be linked to COVID-19 cases. For this reason, the presence of coronavirus in wastewater is regarded as an early epidemiological indicator that may help anticipate, detect and monitor the spread of the disease and any possible spikes in incidence, alongside the traditional monitoring of patients with COVID-19. This coronavirus monitoring task involves analysing data from wastewater processing plants in all Spanish river basin districts, prioritising those containing effluents from hospitals, tourist areas and airports. The reclaimed water used in municipalities with insufficient processing and stretches of rivers, lakes and reservoirs used for bathing were also analysed to study the possible effects of the virus in these types of waters (Ministry for the Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge, 2021).
The presence of coronavirus in wastewater was first confirmed in the week starting on 19 July 2020, as shown on the map on the ''[[:File:Trends Spain_Trends-in wastewater -wasterwater-pollution -by -SARS-CoV-2COV--2_2020_map_18589_eng.jpg|Trends in wastewater pollution by SARS-CoV-2]]''. Results are quantified as genomic copies of SARS-CoV-2 per litre (cg/l) and then transformed to a logarithmic scale (log10 cg/l). For twelve weeks after this date (until 10 October 2020), there were significant weekly increases in the presence of the virus in wastewater in all cities (over +1 logarithmic unit), although the timing of the peaks differs. The peaks in Barcelona (weeks 8 and 11), Valladolid (weeks 5 and 9) and Oviedo (weeks 4 and 9) are remarkable. Interestingly, however, the results from Málaga did not register an increase of the virus in its wastewater until week 10. It is important to note that the Ministries responsible warn that point-in-time data are subject to variations in environmental conditions or changes in sampling times and shall, therefore, be taken into consideration with some caution. However, it is relevant to look at how the weekly trends correlate with the evolution of the health situation.
[[File:Logo MonografíaSeville_Daily-variation-in-the-water-supplied-in-Seville-during-the-first-wave-of-the-pandemic_2019-2020_statisticalgraph_18620_eng.jpg||left|thumb|300px|Statistical graph: Daily variation in the water supplied in Seville during the first wave of the pandemic. 2019-2020. Seville.]]
Data on water consumption during lockdown and the subsequent downscaling phases are also interesting. These figures show the decline in economic activity in line with data on electricity, petrol, diesel and natural gas consumption. The graphs show the evolution of water consumption by households and by the industry in the city of Seville (Sevilla) from January to July 2019 and 2020, as per the data provided by Seville Metropolitan Water Supply and Sanitation Company (EMASESA). Figures show that water consumption by households rose slightly from February 2020 and peaked at 2,700,000 m<sup>3</sup> in March, simultaneous to the state of alarm and lockdown. Conversely, there was a significant drop in industrial consumption, which fell by 40% in April and May 2020. The data on hourly water consumption by households reveal no differences in the breakdown by daytime and night-time, whereas some changes related to different day and night-time tariffs may be detected in figures on water consumption by the industry.
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[[File:Logo MonografíaSeville_Image-of-the-city-of-Seville-from-the-National-Aerial-Orthophotography-Plan-(PNOA)_2019_image_18584_eng.jpg||right|thumb|300px|Image: Image of the city of Seville from the National Aerial Orthophotography Plan (PNOA), . 2019 (National Geographic Institute of Spain). Seville.]]
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