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This chapter focuses on some aspects that are present on a territory prior to the arrival of a disease and may favour or hinder the diffusion of the pandemic once the disease starts spreading, e.g. household overcrowding, healthy life years, age structure of the population, total amount of inhabitants per human settlement or the different types of human settlements. Population and human settlements are studied first in this chapter, whilst the text delves afterwards into a double-page devoted to comorbidities.
[[File:Spain_Total-population-and-population-density_2020_map_17746_eng.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Map: Total population and population density. 2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Total-population-and-population-density_2020_map_17746_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Total-population-and-population-density_2020_map_17746_eng.zip Data]. [REPLACE_WITH_GEOCLIP_URL_OR_DELETE_LINK //interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=r_3_t.r_3_t&i2=c_43_t.c_43_t&s=2020&s2=2020&t=A02&t2=A02&view=map9 Interactive version].]]
There were 47,450,795 inhabitants in Spain as of 1 January 2020. This means an average population density of 93.6 inhabitants/km2. It is the fourth State within the European Union in terms of total population and ranks seventeenth in terms of population density. The spatial distribution of the population in Spain shows at first glance a sharp contrast between a denser periphery –together with the islands– and a more empty hinterland –with the only exceptions of Madrid, Saragossa (Zaragoza) and Valladolid– (see the map on Total population and population density).
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[[File:Logo MonografíaSpain_Rural-population_2020_map_18041_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Rural population. 2020. Spain. [ //centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Rural-population_2020_map_18041_eng.pdf PDF]. [ //centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Rural-population_2020_map_18041_eng.zip Data]. [ interactiva//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=r12474.r12474&i2=c12475.c12475&t=A02&t2=A02&view=map9 Interactive version].]]
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[[File:Logo MonografíaSpain_Urban-macrocephaly_2020_map_18022_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Urban macrocephaly. 2020. Spain. [ //centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Urban-macrocephaly_2020_map_18022_eng.pdf PDF]. [ //centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Urban-macrocephaly_2020_map_18022_eng.zip Data]. Versiones interactivas Interactive Versions [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=r12468.r12418&view=map8 1] [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c12470.c12470&t=A02&view=map9 2] ]]
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Three noteworthy facts may be observed on the map on [[:File:Urban macrocephalySpain_Urban-macrocephaly_2020_map_18022_eng.jpg| ''Urban macrocephaly'']]. In the first place, the coast from western Andalusia (Andalucía) to Catalonia (Catalunya/Cataluña) is well traced and a moderate dominance of major towns with a large amount of inhabitants is shown in this area. To a lesser extent, the Atlantic coast in Galicia, the northern coast, the Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands are also well outlined. In the hinterland, however, only Madrid, Valladolid and Saragossa (Zaragoza) stand out. Secondly, there is a sharp contrast between the Northern Plateau and the Southern Plateau as the presence of major towns with a larger amount of inhabitants is more significant in the former. Finally, it shall be noted that the weight of the municipality with most residents on the total population of each province is more significant in the northern half of the Spanish hinterland as well as in Madrid than in the rest of the country. It is also worthy of mention that the municipality with most residents within each province is the capital town of the province except for three cases out of fifty, i.e. Pontevedra, Asturias and Cádiz, where Vigo, Gijón/Xixón and Jerez de la Frontera are the largest towns in these provinces.
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[[File:Logo MonografíaSpain_Density-of-human-settlements_2020_map_18025_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Density of human settlements. 2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_DensidadSpain_Density-of-dehuman-asentamientos_2020_mapa_18025_spasettlements_2020_map_18025_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_DensidadSpain_Density-of-dehuman-asentamientos_2020_mapa_18025_spasettlements_2020_map_18025_eng.zip Data]. [[//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c_112_t.c_112_t&s=2020&t=A02&view=map8 Versión interactiva Interactive version].]]
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[[File:Logo MonografíaSpain_Population-living-in-scattered-villages_2020_map_18024_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Population living in scattered villages by municipality. 2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_PoblacionSpain_Population-enliving-diseminadoin-porscattered-municipio_2020_mapa_18026_spavillages_2020_map_18024_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_PoblacionSpain_Population-enliving-diseminadoin-porscattered-municipio_2020_mapa_18026_spavillages_2020_map_18024_eng.zip Data]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c_113_t.c_113_t&s=2020&t=A02&view=map8 Versión interactivaInteractive version].]]
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