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[[File:Logo_MonografíaSpain_Evolution-in-the-amount-of-responses-to-people-assisted-by-the-Spanish-Red-Cross-during-the-first-wave-of-the-pandemic_2020_statisticalgraph_18477_eng.jpg|right|thumb|none|300px|Statistical graph: Evolution in the amount of responses to people assisted by the Spanish Red Cross during the first wave of the pandemic. 2020. Spain.]]
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[[File:Logo_MonografíaSpain_Requests-for-assistance-from-Caritas-during-the-first-wave-of-the-pandemic_2020_statisticalgraph_18478_eng.jpg|left|thumb|none|300px|Statistical graph: Request Requests for assistance from Cáritas during the first wave of the pandemic. 2020. Spain.]]
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[[File:Logo_MonografíaSpain_Variation-in-the-assistance-provided-by-Caritas-during-the-first-wave-of-the-pandemic_2020_statisticalgraph_18479_eng.jpg|left|thumb|none|300px|Statistical graph: Variation in the assistance provided by Cáritas during the first wave of the pandemic. 2020. Spain.]]
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</ul></div>To supplement the measures officially deployed by the public administrations, numerous solidarity initiatives were launched in various domains, mobilising a wide range of disparate agents. The initiatives covered in this chapter are a small sample of the extensive social effort to lessen the effects of the first wave of the pandemic on the most vulnerable layers of society during spring 2020. Broadly speaking, these solidarity initiatives may be divided into two categories: those launched by charitable organisations, and those spontaneous initiatives launched by specific individuals and groups. The following paragraphs focus on the work carried out by three non-governmental institutions with a well-known tradition in welfare, i.e. the Spanish Red Cross, Cáritas and the Spanish Federation of Food Banks.
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[[File:Logo_MonografíaSpain_Evolution-in-the-amount-of-food-products-dispensed-by-the-Spanish-Federation-of-Food-Banks-during-the-pandemic_2019-2020_statisticalgraph_18480_eng.jpg|right|thumb|none|300px|Statistical graph: Evolution in the amount of food products dispensed by the Spanish Federation of Food Banks during the pandemic. 2019-2020. Spain.]]
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[[File:Logo_MonografíaSpain_Main-food-products-dispensed-by-the-Spanish-Federation-of-Food-Banks_2019-2020_statisticalgraph_18550_eng.jpg|right|thumb|none|300px|Statistical graph: Main food products dispensed by the Spanish Federation of Food Banks. 2019-2020. Spain.]]
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</ul></div>The Spanish Red Cross stepped up the efforts to protect vulnerable people with an action plan called “The Red Cross RESPONDS”. This organisation continued to help those who were already being assisted and, in addition, acted as an auxiliary support agent for the public administrations. An analysis of beneficiaries by age shows that help was most commonly provided to people from 30 to 49 years of age and to those over 70, whilst the breakdown by sex reveals that 64% of those assisted were women. As the graph on the [[:File:People Spain_People-assisted -by -the -Spanish -Red -Cross -during -the -first -wave -of -the pandemic-pandemic_2020_statisticalgraph_18476_eng.jpg|''People assisted by the Spanish Red Cross during the first wave of the pandemic'']] depicts, this organisation carried out over 820,000 ‘health’-focused awareness-raising activities to promote measures to prevent and contain the effects of the pandemic. In addition, 110 temporary shelters for over 5,300 homeless people and 30 hospital infrastructures were set up as part of the ‘relief’ actions. Nearly 850,000 food deliveries were made and 600,000 people were assisted under the heading of ‘social inclusion’ actions. Over 50,000 educational support activities were carried out under the heading of ‘education’ actions. Some 50,000 people in fuel poverty were assisted under the heading of ‘environment’ actions. And 62,000 people were assisted under ‘employment’ actions. This organisation was also involved in conveying many patients to hospitals. The Spanish Red Cross mobilised 50,000 volunteers to deploy these actions, of which 58% were women and 47% were between 20 and 39 years of age. In short, the Spanish Red Cross assisted over 3.5 million people and issued over 9 million responses through the website.
Cáritas recorded a 59% increase in the amount of people assisted and a 77% increase in requests for support. Given the circumstances, the vast majority of those requests came through electronic channels; online consultations leapt from 17% to 78% of the requests to this organisation. Most came from people under fragile labour conditions (food and beverage sector, domestic workers, etc.), from unemployed, from those on furloughs, from ‘black economy’ workers and from single-parent families predominantly women. One in three applicants had not requested help for over a year, and for 26% of them it was the first time they approached Cáritas for support.
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[[File:Logo_MonografíaSpain_Evolution-in-the-amount-of-tweets-including-solidarity-hashtags-published-during-the-first-wave-of-the-pandemic_2020_statisticalgraph_18469_eng.jpg|right|thumb|none|300px|Statistical graph: Evolution in the amount of tweets including solidarity hashtags published during the first wave of the pandemic. 2020. Spain.]]
Social networks serve as a novel source for tracking social behaviour. They have also become a very useful tool for getting quickly in contact during crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The information published on social networks has a huge potential in various fields, and more specifically for public health studies. Members of the Geographic Information Technologies and Territorial Analysis research group at the University of Alcalá downloaded data from Twitter and processed them to draw the graphs included in this topic.
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[[File:Logo_MonografíaSpain_Tweets-including-solidarity-hashtags-during-the-pandemic.-Lockdown-–-week-1_2020_map_18470_eng.jpg|left|thumb|none|300px|Map: Tweets including solidarity hashtags during the pandemic. Lockdown - – week 1. 2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Tweets-including-solidarity-hashtags-during-the-pandemic.-Lockdown-–-week-1_2020_map_18470_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Tweets-including-solidarity-hashtags-during-the-pandemic.-Lockdown-–-week-1_2020_map_18470_eng.zip Data]. [REPLACE_WITH_GEOCLIP_URL_OR_DELETE_LINK Interactive].]]
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[[File:Logo_MonografíaSpain_Tweets-including-solidarity-hashtags-during-the-pandemic.-Lockdown-–-week-2_2020_map_18471_eng.jpg|left|thumb|none|300px|Map: Tweets including solidarity hashtags during the pandemic. Lockdown - – week 2. 2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Tweets-including-solidarity-hashtags-during-the-pandemic.-Lockdown-–-week-2_2020_map_18471_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Tweets-including-solidarity-hashtags-during-the-pandemic.-Lockdown-–-week-2_2020_map_18471_eng.zip Data]. [REPLACE_WITH_GEOCLIP_URL_OR_DELETE_LINK Interactive]. ]]
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[[File:Logo_MonografíaSpain_Tweets-including-solidarity-hashtags-during-the-pandemic.-Lockdown-–-week-3_2020_map_18472_eng.jpg|left|thumb|none|300px|Map: Tweets including solidarity hashtags during the pandemic. Lockdown - – week 3. 2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Tweets-including-solidarity-hashtags-during-the-pandemic.-Lockdown-–-week-3_2020_map_18472_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Tweets-including-solidarity-hashtags-during-the-pandemic.-Lockdown-–-week-3_2020_map_18472_eng.zip Data]. [REPLACE_WITH_GEOCLIP_URL_OR_DELETE_LINK Interactive].]]
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[[File:Logo_MonografíaSpain_Tweets-including-solidarity-hashtags-during-the-first-wave-of-the-pandemic_2020_map_18473_eng.jpg|left|thumb|none|300px|MapaMap: Tweets including solidarity hashtags during the first wave of the pandemic. 2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Tweets-including-solidarity-hashtags-during-the-first-wave-of-the-pandemic_2020_map_18473_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Tweets-including-solidarity-hashtags-during-the-first-wave-of-the-pandemic_2020_map_18473_eng.zip Data]. [REPLACE_WITH_GEOCLIP_URL_OR_DELETE_LINK Interactive].]]
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[[File:Logo_MonografíaSpain_Solidarity-initiatives-during-the-pandemic-according-to-sphere-of-action_2020_statisticalgraph_18549_eng.jpg|left|thumb|none|300px|Statistical graph: Solidarity initiatives during the pandemic according to sphere of action. 2020. Spain.]]
The action of the public administrations and third-sector institutions played an essential role in lessening the impact of the pandemic on health and social issues, as detailed in the previous paragraphs. Furthermore, these initiatives were complemented by spontaneous citizen solidarity initiatives.
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[[File:Logo_MonografíaSeville_Solidarity-initiatives-during-the-pandemic.-Seville_2020_map_18465_eng.jpg|right|thumb|none|300px|Map: Solidarity initiatives during the pandemic in . Seville. 2020. Seville. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Seville_Solidarity-initiatives-during-the-pandemic.-Seville_2020_map_18465_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Seville_Solidarity-initiatives-during-the-pandemic.-Seville_2020_map_18465_eng.zip Data]. ]]
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[[File:Logo_MonografíaMadrid_Solidarity-initiatives-during-the-pandemic.-Madrid_2020_map_18464_eng.jpg|right|thumb|none|300px|Map: Solidarity initiatives during the pandemic in . Madrid. 2020. Madrid. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Madrid_Solidarity-initiatives-during-the-pandemic.-Madrid_2020_map_18464_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Madrid_Solidarity-initiatives-during-the-pandemic.-Madrid_2020_map_18464_eng.zip Data]. ]]
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[[File:Logo_MonografíaBarcelona_Solidarity-initiatives-during-the-pandemic.-Barcelona_2020_map_18462_eng.jpg|left|thumb|none|300px|Map: Solidarity initiatives during the pandemic in . Barcelona. 2020. Barcelona. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Barcelona_Solidarity-initiatives-during-the-pandemic.-Barcelona_2020_map_18462_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Barcelona_Solidarity-initiatives-during-the-pandemic.-Barcelona_2020_map_18462_eng.zip Data].]]<div><ul style="text-align: left; float:right; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px">
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[[File:Logo_MonografíaBilbao_Solidarity-initiatives-during-the-pandemic.-Bilbao_2020_map_18463_eng.jpg|right|thumb|none|300px|Map: Solidarity initiatives during the pandemic in . Bilbao. 2020. Bilbao. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Bilbao_Solidarity-initiatives-during-the-pandemic.-Bilbao_2020_map_18463_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Bilbao_Solidarity-initiatives-during-the-pandemic.-Bilbao_2020_map_18463_eng.zip Data].]]
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[[File:Logo_MonografíaValencia_Solidarity-initiatives-during-the-pandemic.-Valencia_2020_map_18466_eng.jpg|right|thumb|none|300px|Map: Solidarity initiatives during the pandemic in València. Valencia. 2020. València. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Valencia_Solidarity-initiatives-during-the-pandemic.-Valencia_2020_map_18466_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Valencia_Solidarity-initiatives-during-the-pandemic.-Valencia_2020_map_18466_eng.zip Data].]]
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</ul></div>Outbreaks of solidarity initiatives have been seen before in Spain as well as in other countries, particularly during the 2008-2013 financial crisis, and many of those that emerged during the COVID-19 crisis were ephemeral. Nonetheless, their roll-out helped lessen the effects of the crisis on peoples’ living conditions, even in countries with a well-developed welfare state, like Spain. The experience showed that the persistence of these initiatives and their potential to transform societies depend on their ability to combine the provision of effective social support with the organisation of citizens to claim their rights as well as with the promotion of alternative ways of producing goods and services.
