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{{ANEEtiqueta|palabrasclave= |descripcion= Cartographic presentation Visigothic kingdom, Leovigild, Germanic invasions, Suevi, Vandals, Alans, Visigoths, Muslim invasion, Islamic occupation, Islamic Spain, Emirate of Cordoba, Caliphate of Cordoba, Taifa kingdoms, Christian Spain, Kingdom of Castile, Kingdom of Leon, Kingdom of Aragon, Kingdom of Navarre, Catalan counties, Kingdom of prehistoryGranada, includingAlmoravid Empire, among othersAlmohad Empire, sites on Reconquest, repopulation during the Iberian Peninsula|url=valor}}Reconquest{{ANEObra|Seriedescripcion=Compendium The Middle Ages in the Peninsula is a historical period from the battle of Guadalete (711) to the National Atlas mythical 1492: conquest of Granada, discovery of SpainAmerica.|Logourl=[[Filehttp:Logo_Compendio//nationalatlas.ign.es/images/thumb/c/c4/Spain_Configuration-of-the-Christian-kingdoms.-Almoravid-Empire-%281086--1144%29_1086-1147_map_13996_eng.jpg/197px-Spain_Configuration-of-the-Christian-kingdoms.-Almoravid-Empire-%281086--1144%29_1086-1147_map_13996_eng.jpg|left|60x60px|link=]]|Título=Spain on maps|Subtítulo=A geographic synopsis|Año=2022|Contenido=New content}}

{{ANENavegacionSubcapituloANEObra|Serie=Compendium of the National Atlas of Spain|seccionLogo=[[HistoryFile:Logo_Compendio.jpg|left|History]]60x60px|capitulolink=[[Historical overview|Historical overview]]|subcapituloTítulo=Middle Ages}}Spain on maps{{ANENavegacionHermanos|anteriorSubtítulo=[[Ancient Age]]A geographic synopsis|siguienteAño=[[Modern Age]]}}2022[[File:Enelaboracion.jpg|left|thumb|none|300px|Map: Ocupación islámica del territorio peninsular. 711-756. Spain. <span styleContenido="color: #b20027; ">13991 [PDF]. [Datos]. </span>]]New content}}

{{ANENavegacionSubcapitulo|seccion=[[File:Enelaboracion.jpgHistory|rightHistory]]|thumbcapitulo=[[Historical overview|none|300px|Illustration: Patio de las Doncellas, Real Alcázar de Sevilla. Palacio erigido por el rey Pedro I (siglo XIV)Historical overview]] The |subcapitulo=Middle Ages in the Peninsula is the historical period that goes from the battle of Guadalete (711) –other records situate its beginning in 540 when the new seat of the Visigothic kingdom is established in Toledo– up to 1492, the year of the conquest of Granada, the discovery of America, the first grammar of the language by Nebrija, and the expulsion of the Jews. It is debated however, whether the period led by the Catholic Monarchs Isabella and Ferdinand (1469-1517) can no longer be considered medieval but typical of the Modern Age, the next period. On the other hand, traditional historiography calls Reconquista to these eight hundred years, understood as a permanent struggle for the “recovery of Spain”. This idea was coined by the Mozarabs, who fled from the Islamised south of the Peninsula to the Christian lands of the north.}}

La celeridad de la conquista impidió una ocupación efectiva de muchos territorios[[File:Spain_Islamic-occupation-of-the-Iberian-peninsula-territory_0711-0756_map_13991_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Islamic occupation of the Iberian peninsula territory. 711-756. Spain. El noble visigodo Pelayo, acogido por la tribu cántabra de los vadinienses, acaudilló una legendaria resistencia en los Picos de Europa, donde se produce el episodio de [https://wwwcentrodedescargas.abccnig.es/historiaCentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/abcianeTematico/Spain_Islamic-epicaoccupation-pelayoof-caudillothe-asturIberian-prendiopeninsula-reconquistaterritory_0711-300-guerreros-201908100203_noticia0756_map_13991_eng.html Covadongapdf PDF] (722). El reino de Asturias será la referencia territorial para los cristianos no sometidos, con sucesivas capitales en Cangas de Onís (siglo VIII) y Oviedo (siglo IX)[//centrodedescargas.cnig. Covadonga es magnificada por las crónicas altomedievales cristianas (y minimizada por las musulmanas) como el hito inicial de la Reconquista/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Islamic-occupation-of-the-Iberian-peninsula-territory_0711-0756_map_13991_eng.zip Data].]]

La Península se convirtió en un emirato [[File:Patio de Doncellas, Real Alcázar de Sevilla. Palace builted by Pedro I (territorio militar y administrativo14th century) del califato .jpg|right|thumb|none|300px|Image: Patio de los Omeyas en DamascoDoncellas, que renunciaron a una mayor expansión por occidente (Al-Ándalus) tras ser vencidos por los francos Real Alcázar de Carlos Martel en Poitiers Sevilla. Palace builted by Pedro I (73214th century).]]

El triunfo The Middle Ages in the Peninsula is the historical period that goes from the battle of Guadalete (711) –other records situate its beginning in 540 when the new seat of the Visigothic kingdom is established in Toledo– up to 1492, the year of the conquest of Granada, the discovery of America, the first grammar of the language by Nebrija, and the expulsion of the Jews. It is debated however, whether the period led by the Catholic Monarchs Isabella and Ferdinand (1469-1517) can no longer be considered medieval but typical of the Modern Age, the next period. On the other hand, traditional historiography calls ''Reconquista'' to these eight hundred years, understood as a permanent struggle for the “recovery of Spain”. This idea was coined by the Mozarabs, who fled from the Islamised south of the Peninsula to the Christian lands of the north.<br>The battle of Guadalete, in which the last Visigothic king, Don Rodrigo, is defeated in an expedition of the Muslim leader Tariq, begins the fulmimant campaign that reaches the capital city of Toledo that same year. In successive journeys, along the Hispano-Roman road network, the different territories of the Hispano-Visigothic aristocracy or the episcopate were subjugated. Some great lords were maintained through pacts of submission, such as Count Teodomiro (Tudmir, in Murcia), or that of the family of Count Cassius who, Islamised as Banu Quasi, remained in the middle valley of the Ebro.<br>The speed of the conquest prevented an effective occupation of many territories. Pelayo, the Visigothic noble welcomed by the Cantabrian tribe of the Vadinienses, led a legendary resistance in the Picos de la rebelión Europa, where [https://www.abc.es/historia/abci-epica-pelayo-caudillo-astur-prendio-reconquista-300-guerreros-201908100203_noticia.html the Battle of Covadonga] (722) took place. The kingdom of Asturias will be the territorial reference for unsubjugated Christians, with successive capital cities in Cangas de los Abbasíes contra los Omeyas Onís (eighth century) and Oviedo (ninth century). Covadonga is magnified by the early medieval Christian chronicles (and minimised by the Muslims) as the initial milestone of the ''Reconquista''.<br>The Peninsula became an emirate (military and adminitrative territory) of the Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus, which renounced further expansion to the west (Al-Andalus) after being defeated by the Franks of Charles Martel in Poitiers (732).<br>The triumph of the rebellion of the Abbasids against the Umayyads (750)caused the flight of a young prince through North Africa to Córdoba, provoca la huida de un joven príncipe por el norte de África hasta Córdobawhere he was proclaimed emir, donde se proclama emir… pero independiente de Bagdadbut independent of Baghdad, la nueva the new capital del califato abbasí: es city of the Abbasid Caliphate. It was Abd-el-Rahmán al Rahman I, que inaugura la dinastía de los Omeyas hispanomusulmanes en el who inaugurated the dynasty of the Spanish-Muslim Umayyads in 756. <br>Meanwhile, between the eighth and ninth centuries, the Asturian kingdom extended east and west. New pockets of resistance emerged (the kingdom of Pamplona, counties of [https://turismojacetania.com/lugares.php?Id=139 Aragon], Sobrarbe, Ribagorza…). Charlemagne, King of the Franks and Emperor since 800, interposed a ''Marca Hispánica'' (an area of feudatory regions) in front of the Muslims territory, in the southeast of the Pyrenees. At the end of the ninth century, these Catalan counties were freed from Frankish dependence: Pallars, Urgell, Ampurias, Gerona and Barcelona.<br>

Mientras tanto{{ANEAutoria|Autores= María Sánchez Agustí, entre los siglos VIII y IXJosé Antonio Álvarez Castrillón, el reino astur se extiende a este y oeste. Nacen nuevos focos Mercedes de resistencia (reino de Pamplonala Calle Carracedo, condados de [https://turismojacetania.com/lugares.php?Id=139 Aragón]Daniel Galván Desvaux, SobrarbeJoaquín García Andrés, Ribagorza…). CarlomagnoIsidoro González Gallego, rey de los francos y emperador desde el 800Montserrat León Guerrero, interpone ante los musulmanes una ''Marca Hispánica'' (espacio de comarcas feudatarias) en el sudeste pirenaico. A finales del siglo IX estos condados catalanes se libran de la dependencia franca: PallarsEsther López Torres, UrgellCarlos Lozano Ruiz, AmpuriasIgnacio Martín Jiménez, GeronaRosendo Martínez Rodríguez, Barcelona…Rafael de Miguel González}}

{{ANEAutoria|Autores= María Sánchez Agustí, José Antonio Álvarez Castrillón, Mercedes de la Calle Carracedo, Daniel Galván Desvaux, Joaquín García Andrés, Isidoro González Gallego, Montserrat León Guerrero, Esther López Torres, Carlos Lozano Ruiz, Ignacio Martín Jiménez, Rosendo Martínez Rodríguez, Rafael de Miguel González}} {{ANESubirArriba}}{{ANETextoEpigrafe |epigrafe= España islámica

La España islámicaIslamic Spain, que surgió al proclamarse califa which emerged when Abd-el al Rahman IIIwas proclaimed caliph, permaneció estable durante los tres siglos del emirato independiente de Bagdad remained stable throughout the three centuries of the independent emirate of Baghdad (756-929) y del califato de and the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JbSoK0_CxNM CórdobaCaliphate of Cordoba] (929-1031), ambos representados en los mapas del mismo nombreboth represented on the maps of the same name. El califato llevó a su cénit al islam The caliphate brought peninsular y frenó a los reinos del norteIslam to its zenith and slowed down the northern kingdoms. Su canto del cisne fue el gobierno del valido del califa Hisham II, Its swan song was the rule of Almanzor (976929-1002), the favourite of the caliph Hisham II, the terror de los cristianosof the Christians. Ambos mapas muestran las Both maps show the ''kuras'', o provinciasor provinces, que en las zonas fronterizas tenían un carácter militar, al modo de marcaswhich in the border areas had a military character.  {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin-top: 0; float:left;margin-right: 20px; margin-bottom: 0em; margin-left: 0; width: 25%" | style="vertical-align: top; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; border-color: #ffffff; background-color:#ffffff" | <div style="text-align:center"><div style="color:#DF7401">'''Presencia musulmana en España (711-1492)'''</divbr>

{|cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin-top: 0; float:left;margin-right: 20px; margin-bottom: 0em; margin-left: 0; width: 25%" |style="vertical-align: top; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; border-color: #ffffff; background-color:#ffffff"|<div style="text-align:center"><div style="color:#DF7401">'''The Muslim Presence in Spain (711-1492)'''</div>{| class="wikitable" style="float:center; margin-right:0px; font-size:12px; text-align:left; width: 100%" ! style="width:200px;color:#DF7401;background:#f9d0b0; text-align:left" | El islam españolSpanish Islam

| style="background:#f9edda; text-align:center" | Al-ÁndalusAndalus, un territorio a territory (emiratoemirate) del califato de Damascoof the caliphate of Damascus

| style="background:#f9edda; text-align:center" | El emirato se declara independiente del califatoThe emirate declared independence from the caliphate

| style="background:#f9edda; text-align:center" | El octavo The eighth emir, Abd al-Rahman III (912-961), se proclama califawas proclaimed caliph

| style="background:#f9edda; text-align:center" | El califato se desmembra en The caliphate was dismembered into 24 reinos independientes, o independent kingdoms or taifas

! style="color:#DF7401;background:#f9d0b0; text-align:left" | El islam hispanoafricanoSpanish African Islam

| style="background:#f9edda; text-align:center" | Los reinos islámicos son conquistados por el imperio almorávideThe Islamic kingdoms were conquered by the Almoravid empire

| style="background:#f9edda; text-align:center" | Los reinos de taifas recuperan brevemente su independenciaTaifa kingdoms briefly regained their independence

| style="background:#f9edda; text-align:center" | El nuevo imperio africanoThe new African empire, los almohadesthe Almohads, incorpora a los incorporated the taifas

| style="background:#f9edda; text-align:center" | Hundimiento del imperio almohade entre un confuso resurgir de The Almohad empire collapses alongside the confused resurgence of the taifas

! style="color:#DF7401;background:#f9d0b0; text-align:left" | El reino nazarí de Nasrid kingdom of Granada

| style="background:#f9edda; text-align:center" | Pervive el reino de The kingdom of Granadasurvived, próspero y protegido por las Béticasprotected behind the Baetic mountains|}</div>

En la España cristianaIn Christian Spain, trasladada la corte a León por when Ordoño II (914)transferred the court to León, se formó el reino asturthe Asturian-leonésLeonese kingdom was formed, pronto sólo de Leónsoon to be only Leon. El condado de The county of Pamplona se transformó también en reinoalso became a kingdom. En el centro pirenaico siguen los condados de AragónIn the Pyrenees, the counties of Aragon, Sobrarbe y and Ribagorza yfollowed, entre estos y el marand between these and the sea, se consolidan los condados catalanesthe Catalan counties were consolidated, particularmente particularly Urgel y and Barcelona (dinastía the Berenguerdynasty).<br> La muerte de The death of Almanzor (1002) precipitó la implosión del califato queprecipitated the implosion of the caliphate which, en contraste con el proyecto cristiano unificador de in contrast to the unifying Christian project of Sancho III el Mayor de Navarra, se fragmentó en reinos independientesfragmented into independent kingdoms: las the taifas. Las más extensas fueron las fronterizasThe most extensive were the ones on the border: Badajoz, Toledo y and [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pok_-X7Xtus Zaragoza]. Las demás eran pequeñas… pero pronto destacaron las de The others were small but soon the ones of Sevilla y and Valencia ystood out and, con ellasalong with them, las de those of Málaga, Granada y and Almería, el futuro reino de the future kingdom of Granada. Obligados a pagar altas parias Forced to pay high ''paria'' (tributosannual payment) a los reyes cristianosto the Christian Monarchs, y tras la pérdida de and after the loss of Toledo (1085), apelarán a la ayuda de imperios norteafricanosthey called on the help of North African empires.<br> Al morir, When Sancho III el Mayor de Navarra (1035) había dejado a dos hijos los condados de Castilla y de Aragóndied, he had left his two sons the counties of Castile and Aragon, transformados en reinostransformed into kingdoms. En el oesteIn the west, Fernando I de Castilla unió su reino y el de Leónof Castile united his kingdom with the kingdom of Leon. Su hijo His son Alfonso VI fue el conquistador de was the conqueror of Toledo (1085). En el esteIn the east, Alfonso I de Aragón conquista Zaragoza (of Aragon conquered Saragossa in 1118); y el pacto matrimonial del conde and the marriage pact of Count Ramón Berenguer IV de of Barcelona con la reina niña with the child Queen Petronila (1137), unió los condados catalanes al emergente reino aragonésjoined the Catalan counties with the emerging kingdom. <br> Conquistadas por los reyes cristianos Conquered by the Christian Monarchs (siglos XII y XIII12^th and 13^th centuries), las the taifas se incorporaron con personalidad propiawere incorporated with their own characteristics, y con ella resonaron en los títulos de los monarcas cristianosand their names resounded in the titles of the Christian Monarchs, que lo fueron también del which were also monarchs of the Algarve, Toledo, Badajoz, Murcia, JaénJaen, Valencia y Mallorca…, Majorca and so on.<br>

<div><ul style="text-align: center">

[[ArchivoFile:Espana ArticulacionSpain_Territorial-territorialarticulation-deof-al--Andalus.-EmiratoIndependent-IndependienteEmirate-(756--929) 0756_0756-0929 mapa 13993 spa0929_map_13993_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|MapaMap: Articulación territorial de Territorial articulation of al-ÁndalusAndalus. Emirato IndependienteIndependent Emirate. 756-929. EspañaSpain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_ArticulacionSpain_Territorial-territorialarticulation-deof-al--Andalus.-EmiratoIndependent-IndependienteEmirate-(756--929)_0756-0929_mapa_13993_spa0929_map_13993_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_ArticulacionSpain_Territorial-territorialarticulation-deof-al--Andalus.-EmiratoIndependent-IndependienteEmirate-(756--929)_0756-0929_mapa_13993_spa0929_map_13993_eng.zip DatosData].]]]

[[ArchivoFile:Espana ArticulacionSpain_Territorial-territorialarticulation-deof-al--Andalus.-CalifatoCaliphate-deof-Cordoba-(929--1031) 0929_0929-1031 mapa 15089 spa1031_map_15089_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|MapaMap: Articulación territorial de Territorial articulation of al-ÁndalusAndalus. Califato de CórdobaCaliphate of Cordoba. 929-1031. EspañaSpain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_ArticulacionSpain_Territorial-territorialarticulation-deof-al--Andalus.-CalifatoCaliphate-deof-Cordoba-(929--1031)_0929-1031_mapa_15089_spa1031_map_15089_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_ArticulacionSpain_Territorial-territorialarticulation-deof-al--Andalus.-CalifatoCaliphate-deof-Cordoba-(929--1031)_0929-1031_mapa_15089_spa1031_map_15089_eng.zip DatosData].]]]

[[ArchivoFile:Espana ArticulacionSpain_Territorial-territorialarticulation-deof-al--Andalus.-LasThe-primerasfirst-taifastaifa-(1031--1086) 1031_1031-1086 mapa 13995 spa1086_map_13995_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|MapaMap: Articulación territorial de Territorial articulation of al-ÁndalusAndalus. Las primeras taifasThe first taifa. 1031-1086. EspañaSpain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_ArticulacionSpain_Territorial-territorialarticulation-deof-al--Andalus.-LasThe-primerasfirst-taifastaifa-(1031--1086)_1031-1086_mapa_13995_spa1086_map_13995_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_ArticulacionSpain_Territorial-territorialarticulation-deof-al--Andalus.-LasThe-primerasfirst-taifastaifa-(1031--1086)_1031-1086_mapa_13995_spa1086_map_13995_eng.zip DatosData].]]

</ul></div>

{{ANEAutoria|Autores= María Sánchez Agustí, José Antonio Álvarez Castrillón, Mercedes de la Calle Carracedo, Daniel Galván Desvaux, Joaquín García Andrés, Isidoro González Gallego, Montserrat León Guerrero, Esther López Torres, Carlos Lozano Ruiz, Ignacio Martín Jiménez, Rosendo Martínez Rodríguez, Rafael de Miguel González}} {{ANESubirArriba}}{{ANETextoEpigrafe |epigrafe= España cristiana

Jaime I, igual que Luis IX, organiza una cruzada, aunque fracasa[[File:Spain_Configuration-of-the-Christian-kingdoms.-Almoravid-Empire-(1086--1144)_1086-1147_map_13996_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Configuration of the Christian kingdoms. Almoravid Empire. 1086-1144. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Configuration-of-the-Christian-kingdoms. En 1282, tras las ''vísperas sicilianas'', Pedro III de Aragón se corona rey de Sicilia-Almoravid-Empire-(1086--1144)_1086-1147_map_13996_eng.pdf PDF]. En 1304 los almogávares, llamados por el emperador de Bizancio, [https://uploadcentrodedescargas.wikimediacnig.orges/wikipediaCentroDescargas/commonsbusquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Configuration-of-the-Christian-kingdoms.-Almoravid-Empire-(1086--1144)_1086-1147_map_13996_eng.zip Data].]][[File:Spain_Confirmation-of-the-Christian-kingdoms.-Almohad-Empire-(1147--1232---48)_1147-1232_map_13997_eng.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Map: Confirmation of the Christian kingdoms. Almohad Empire. 1147-1232/48. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/1busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/17aneTematico/Entrada_de_Roger_de_Flor_en_Constantinopla_Spain_Confirmation-of-the-Christian-kingdoms.-Almohad-Empire-(Palacio_del_Senado_de_Espa%C3%B1a1147--1232---48)_1147-1232_map_13997_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.jpgdo?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/800pxSpain_Confirmation-of-the-Christian-kingdoms.-Almohad-Empire-Entrada_de_Roger_de_Flor_en_Constantinopla_(Palacio_del_Senado_de_Espa%C3%B1a1147--1232---48)_1147-1232_map_13997_eng.zip Data].]][[File:Spain_Consolidation-of-the-Christian-kingdoms-and-their-expansion_1150-1492_map_15094_eng.jpg vencen|right|thumb|300px|Map: Consolidation of the Christian kingdoms and their expansion. 1150-1492. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Consolidation-of-the-Christian-kingdoms-and-their-expansion_1150-1492_map_15094_eng.pdf PDF] a los turcos en Asia Menor y se apoderan de Atenas. En 1323 Jaime II inicia la conquista de Cerdeña[//centrodedescargas. En 1352, la escuadra catalana derrota a los genoveses en pleno Bósforocnig. En 1442, Alfonso V conquista Nápoles…es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Consolidation-of-the-Christian-kingdoms-and-their-expansion_1150-1492_map_15094_eng.zip Data].]]

Los The trail of a Hispanic Islam, once the caliphate had disappeared, and although generating a rich and flourishing cultural and economic period, was impossible because of the irrepressible pressure of the Christian kingdoms. The taifa kings successively called on the help of two warlike fundamentalist movements that emerged in North Africa: the Almoravids (11^th-12^th centuries) and the Almohads (12^th-13^th centuries). Nevertheless, for almost three centuries, the two North African empires were a suprastructure, more military and less political, with which the Spanish-Muslim aristocracies coexisted. Great victories of the Almoravids (Sagrajas and Uclés) and Almohads (Alarcos) did not reverse the situation in the Peninsula.<br>When Alfonso I of Aragon, after conquering Saragossa, defeated the Almoravids in Cutanda Battle and when Alfonso VI of Castile withstood the onslaught against Toledo, it was predicted that the Christian configuration was going to be consolidated. The crucial test would come with the Almohad invasion. The Castilian King Alfonso VIII, with the help of the Portuguese, Navarrese and Aragonese, military orders and knights from all over Europe, was already capable of inflicting on Islam its most spectacular defeat, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qVZJxQzEcMc Las Navas de Tolosa] (1212). In turn, Alfonso IX of Leon his son-in-low, and the only one who had not responded to the call for a crusade to Las Navas, seizes all of Extremadura. Hispanic Islam is definitively sentenced, except for a beleaguered Kingdom of Granada. The [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5-_qJg6jIgQ Kingdom of Leon], except for two brief periods (1035-1037 and 1065-1072) had constituted a single monarchy. Between the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the division into two kingdoms would last from 1157 to 1230, when Fernando III (son of Alfonso IX and Berenguela of Castile) definitively united the two crowns of Castile and Leon, which resulted in an immediate [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GsKJ0hT90pU expansion] through the Guadalquivir valley to the Atlantic coasts and east to the Mediterranean coasts. In this territory it was going to collide with Aragon, where James I had been advancing south of the Ebro river along the coast, parallel to Fernando III, a territory under discussion due to the constant treaties of future limits, evidence of the secular planning of the ''cinco reinosReconquista''.<br>In addition to the Navas de Tolosa, another battle had marked an important turn in the Peninsular Middle Ages: that [https: Castilla y //www.abc.es/historia/20130913/abci-muret-batalla-acabo-gran-201309061349.html Muret], after which the Aragonese crown, held since 1137 by the Catalan dynasty of the Berenguer, renounced the north-Pyrenean territories (recognised in the Treaty of Corbeil of 1258, between James I of Aragón se han consolidado definitivamenteand Louis IX of France), and turned south to complete its peninsular expansion. Immediately after that, the Mediterranean expansion began.<br>James I, like Louis IX, organised a crusade, but failed. In 1282, after the Sicilian Vespers, Peter III of Aragon was crowned king of Sicily. In 1304 the Almogavars, called by the emperor of Byzantium,[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Entrada_de_Roger_de_Flor_en_Constantinopla_(Palacio_del_Senado_de_España).jpg/800px-Entrada_de_Roger_de_Flor_en_Constantinopla_(Palacio_del_Senado_de_España).jpg defeated] the Turks in Asia Minor and seized Athens. In 1323, James II began the conquest of Sardinia. In 1352, the Catalan squadron defeated the Genoese in the Bosphorus. In 1442, Alfonso V conquered Naples.<br>The five kingdoms: Castile and Aragon have been definitively consolidated. Navarra, tras su exitosa participación en las after its successful participation in the Battle of Las Navas, se queda más en retaguardiaremains more in the rearguard. Portugal se convierte en un reino tras la victoria de became a kingdom after the victory of Alfonso Enriquez, en in Ourique; sus fronteras its borders (reconocidas en el tratado de recognised in the Treaty of Zamora) son las más antiguas de Europaare the oldest in Europe. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vXb9S3N334A Granada], el ''quinto reino''the fifth kingdom, pervivió como enlace comercial con África y Orientesurvived as a trade link between Africa and the East. Castilla ha de hacer frente en el Castile had to face the North African invasion of the Benimernes in El Salado y and Palmones a la invasión norteafricana de los benimerines; luego se dedica a la apertura del Estrechobattles and then focused on the opening of the Gibraltar Strait, con las conquistas de with the conquests of Tarifa, Algeciras y and Gibraltar. DespuésLater, bajo el gobierno de la dinastía under the rule of the Trastámaradynasty, entronizada tras una guerra enthroned after a civil war (1336-1339), presiona con mayor fuerza las fronteras nazaríes y toma they put greater pressure on the Nasrid borders and took Zahara (1407), Antequera (1410) y and Archidona (1462).

Con los avances hacia el sur era preciso poblar el nuevo territorio{{ANETextoAsociado|titulo=Repopulations|contenido=[[File:Spain_Repopulations--from-appropiaton-to-charters-and-royal-concessions_0711-1250_map_13998_eng.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Map: Repopulations: from appropiaton to charters and royal concessions. 711-1250. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Repopulations--from-appropiaton-to-charters-and-royal-concessions_0711-1250_map_13998_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Repopulations--from-appropiaton-to-charters-and-royal-concessions_0711-1250_map_13998_eng. Al principio, algunos campesinos, los foramontanos, bajaban del norte y ocupaban esas tierras vacías; algunos monjes (mozárabes) subían también huyendo de los musulmanes y levantaban un monasteriozip Data]. Fue la ]]<font style="color:#f29050">''presura'8^th – 9^th centuries' astur-leonesa y la ''aprisio'' subpirenaica.</font>

With the advances to the South, it was necessary to populate the new territory. At first, some peasants, the ''foramontanos'', came down from the North and occupied these empty lands and some monks (Mozarabs) also went up fleeing from the Muslims and built monasterys. It was the Asturian-Leonese ''presura'' and the sub-Pyrenean ''aprisio'' system.<font style="color:#f29050">'''Siglos X-XI'''</font>

To legalise the occupations and encourage repopulation, the Monarchs promoted councils, through the granting of ''cartas pueblas'', or municipal charter with privileges for those who populated an area.<font style="color:#f29050">'''Siglos XII-XIII'''</font>

Las invasiones norteafricanas fueron respondidas por las [https:'''12^th – 13<sup>th</historiageneral.comsup> centuries'''</wp-content/uploads/ordenes_militares_historia.png órdenes militares], que obtuvieron en recompensa extensos territoriosfont>

The North African invasions were answered by [https://historiageneral.com/wp-content/uploads/ordenes_militares_historia.png military orders], which obtained extensive territories in reward.<font style="color:#f29050">'''Siglos XIII-XV'''</font>

<br /> {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin-top: 0; margin-right: 20px; margin-bottom: 0em; margin-left: 0; width: 100%"| style="vertical-align: top; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; border-color: #ffffff; background-color:#ffffff" |   <div style="text-align:center"><div style="color:#DF7401">'''Pactos de ocupación territorial y distribución del poder (siglos XII-XV)'''</div>  

   ! style="width:110px;color:#ffffff;background:#f29050" | '''siglo XII12^th century'''! style="width:110x;color:#ffffff;background:#f29050" | '''siglo XIII13^th century'''! style="width:110px;color:#ffffff;background:#f29050" | '''siglos XIV y XV14^th - 15^th centuries'''   

| style="background:#f9edda; text-align:center" | '''Tratado de Treaty of Carrión''' || style="background:#f9edda; text-align:center" | '''Tratado de Treaty of Alcaraz''' || style="background:#f9edda; text-align:center" | '''Sentencia arbitral de Arbitral sentence of Torrellas'''

| style="background:#f9edda; text-align:center" | La corona de The Crown of Aragón (Ramón Berenguer IV, ''princeps'' de of Aragón y conde de and Count of Barcelona) y la de León y Castilla and the Crown Castile and Leon (Alfonso VII) pactan repartirse Navarra agree to divide up Navarre|| style="background:#f9edda; text-align:center" | Alfonso X firma compromisos con los musulmanes para la ocupación del reino de signs agreements with Muslims for the occupation of the Kingdom of Murcia || style="background:#f9edda; text-align:center" | Firmada entre los reinos de Castilla Signed between the kingdoms of Castile (Fernando Ferdinad IV) y Aragón and Aragon (Jaime James II), con el acuerdo de with the agreement of Portugal (Dionís I) y and Granada (Muhammad III) fija definitivamente los territorios de Castilla y Aragónfixed definitively the territories of Castile and Aragon

| style="background:#f9edda; text-align:center" | '''Tratado de Treaty of Zamora''' || style="background:#f9edda; text-align:center" | '''Tratado de Treaty of Almizra''' || style="background:#f9edda; text-align:center" | '''Compromiso de The Compromise of Caspe'''

| style="background:#f9edda; text-align:center" | La corona castellanoleonesa reconoce la independencia del reino de The Castilean-Leonese Crown recognises the independence of the kingdom of Portugal || style="background:#f9edda; text-align:center" | La corona de The Crown of Aragón (Jaime James I) reconoce para la de Castilla recognises for Castile (Alfonso X, todavía príncipe herederocrown prince) la posesión de todos los territorios al sur del puerto de the possession of all the territories south of the Biar port (reino de Kingdom of Murcia) ante el incumplimiento de los tratados de in view of the breach of the treaties of Cuenca (1177) y Cazorla and Cazola (1179) || style="background:#f9edda; text-align:center" | La dinastía castellana de los Tratámara pasa a gobernar en la corona de The Castilian dynasty of Trastámara goes on to rule in the Crown of Aragón por elección de compromisarios de by election of delegates from Aragón, Cataluña y Catalonia and [http://www.viuvalencia.com/netpublisher/minfo/imagenes/2511_1111.jpg Valencia]

| style="background:#f9edda; text-align:center" | '''Tratado de Treaty of Tudillén''' || style="background:#f9edda; text-align:center" | '''Tratado de Treaty of Corbeil''' || style="background:#f9edda; text-align:center" | '''Concordia de The Concord of Segovia'''

| style="background:#f9edda; text-align:center" | Ramón Berenguer IV y and Alfonso VII ratifican el tratado de ratify the treaty of Carrión y pactan repartirse el territorio islámicoand agree to divide the islamic territory: el sur del the south of the River Júcar y and Murcia para for Aragón || style="background:#f9edda; text-align:center" | Francia France (Luis Louis IX) y Aragón and Aragon (Jaime James I) renuncian mutuamente a lo fundamental de sus derechos al sur y al norte de los Pirineos renounce the fundamentals of their rights north and south of the Pyrenees || style="background:#f9edda; text-align:center" | Isabel de Castilla y Fernando de Aragón se reconocen categoría de rey y reinaIsabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon recognise each other as king and queen, y poderes comunes en los territorios de su cónyugeand the common powers in the territories of their spouse

| style="background:#f9edda; text-align:center" | '''Tratado de Treaty of Lérida''' || style="background:#f9edda; text-align:center" | '''Tratado de Treaty of Alcañices''' || style="background:#f9edda; text-align:center" | '''Capitulación de Capitulation of Granada'''

| style="background:#f9edda; text-align:center" | Confirma los tratados de Confirms the treaties of Carrión y and Tudillén y se pacta el matrimonio de los dos herederos and agrees on the marriage of the two heirs || style="background:#f9edda; text-align:center" | Se fija la frontera definitiva entre Castilla y León y el reino de The definitive border between Castile and Leon and the kingdom of Portugal is fixed || style="background:#f9edda; text-align:center" | Firmada entre los Reyes Católicos y el rey Signed between the Catholic Monarchs and King Boabdil. Las garantías dadas a los musulmanes The guarantees given to the Muslims (libertad de religiónfreedom of religion, permanencia en los cargos públicospublic charges, etc.) no se cumplieronwere not honoured.

| style="background:#f9edda; text-align:center" | '''Tratado de Treaty of Haxama''' || style="background:#f9edda; text-align:center" | '''Pacto de JaénPact of Jaen''' || style="background:#ffffff; text-align:center" |

| style="background:#f9edda; text-align:center" | Castilla Castile (Sancho III) renuncia a sus derechos en Aragón renounces his rights in Aragon (siendo Ramón Berenguer IV being the ''princepsprínceps'' de Aragón y conde de of Aragon and count of Barcelona) a cambio del vasallaje a la corona de Castilla in exchange for the vassalage to the Crown of Castile || style="background:#f9edda; text-align:center" | Fernando III de Castilla y León acepta las fronteras del reino de of Castile and Leon accepts the borders of the kingdom of Granada || style="background:#ffffff; text-align:center" |

| style="background:#ffffff; color:#ffffff; text-align:center; width:25%" | || style="background:#f9edda; color:#f29050; text-align:center; width:25%" | '''1278 y and 1288''' || style="background:#ffffff; color:#ffffff; text-align:center; width:25%" |

| style="background:#ffffff; text-align:center" | || style="background:#f9edda; text-align:center" | '''Primer y segundo pariatje de First and second pariatge of Andorra''' || style="background:#ffffff; text-align:center" |

| style="background:#ffffff; text-align:center" | || style="background:#f9edda; text-align:center" | Se pacta el condominio feudal del obispado de Feudal condominium is agreed of the diocese of Urgel y el condado de and the county of Foix que, incorporado a Francia which incorporated into France (Enrique Henry IV, 1594), vincula estos derechos a la corona francesa and binds these rights to the French crown (Luis Louis XIII, 1620). Esta doble dependencia permanece hasta hoy This double dependency still remains to the present day || style="background:#ffffff; text-align:center" ||}</div>

{{ANEAutoria|Autores= María Sánchez Agustí, José Antonio Álvarez Castrillón, Mercedes de la Calle Carracedo, Daniel Galván Desvaux, Joaquín García Andrés, Isidoro González Gallego, Montserrat León Guerrero, Esther López Torres, Carlos Lozano Ruiz, Ignacio Martín Jiménez, Rosendo Martínez Rodríguez, Rafael de Miguel González}}