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{{ANEEtiqueta|palabrasclave=pandemiapandemic, covid19, origen de la pandemiaorigin of the pandemic, casos de COVID-19 en el mundocases worldwide, personal sanitario en el mundohealthcare workers worldwide, mortalidad por COVID-19 en el mundomortality worldwide|descripcion= Estudio cartográfico del origen y difusión de la pandemia en el mundoCartographic study of the origin and global diffusion of the pandemic|url=valor}}{{ANEObra|Serie=Monographs from the National Atlas of Spain|Logo=[[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|left|50x50px|link=]]|Título=The COVID-19 pandemic in Spain|Subtítulo=First wave: from the first cases to the end of June 2020|Año=2021|Contenido=New content}}{{ANENavegacionCapitulo (monografía COVID-19)|estructura temática=Estructura temática|seccion=[[Global context of the COVID-19 pandemic|Global context of the COVID-19 pandemic]]|capitulo=Origin and global diffusion of the pandemic}}{{ANENavegacionHermanosPrimero|siguiente=[[Impact of the pandemic on the European Union]]}}

SARS-CoV-2 virus, known as COVID-19, was declared a health emergency towards the end of 2019 following an outbreak in the Chinese city of Wuhan. However, the results of water analyses gathered later from various parts of the world suggest it was already spreading before then. It presented initially as an acute health problem that spread from the original outbreak in Wuhan to other major metropolitan regions in China, particularly Shanghai, Chongqing and the Pearl River Delta (Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Shenzhen, etc.). Analyses of this expansion from data on public transport use, particularly high-speed trains –despite the small amount of data available from China–, explain the pandemic’s rapid spread throughout its vast territory. During the final months of 2019, it appeared the spread of the infection would be limited to China and to a few of its neighbouring Asian countries. However, international airports eased its spread to the rest of the world, and the World Health Organisation (WHO) declared it a global pandemic in early March 2020. The spread of the pandemic may be observed on the map on the ''[[:File:World_Origin-and-spread-of-COVID--19_2020_map_17781_eng.jpg|Origins and spread of COVID-19]]'', which shows the number of cases per country and month from February to July 2020. The peak of infections was registered in early April 2020. The lack of effective treatments for severe cases and little knowledge of how COVID-19 was transmitted during that period meant that it proved to be a highly lethal disease that resulted in tens of thousands of deaths. However, the severe lockdowns applied in many countries succeeded in gradually reducing the amount of deaths from that first wave. The spatial diffusion of the pandemic across continents followed a predictable pattern. Initially, the virus spread from China to the rest of Asia. However, the strict lockdown measures adopted by some countries curbed the increase in infections there. Subsequently, the virus reached Europe, where it spread rapidly and soon reached the maximum number of infections in absolute terms. Later, COVID-19 was spread to the Americas, where it quickly spread. In fact, the Americas were the hardest hit continents, only lagging behind Europe for a few weeks. Finally, the pandemic also extended to the other continents but yet with a much lower incidence, as happened in Africa, for example. There is, however, a possibility that the apparent lower prevalence in Africa may owe more to a lack of effective recording and to the fact that this new virus was just one more health problem in societies that are already highly vulnerable to all kinds of infectious and contagious diseases. 

[[File:Logo MonografíaWorld_Evolution-of-COVID--19-cases-worldwide_2020_statisticalgraph_17714_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Statistical graph: Evolución de casos Evolution of COVID-19 en el mundocases worldwide. 2020. MundoWorld.]]

[[File:Logo MonografíaWorld_Evolution-in-the-number-of-deaths-from-COVID--19-worldwide_2020_statisticalgraph_17715_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Statistical graph: Evolución de fallecidos por Evolution in the number of deaths from COVID-19 en el mundoworldwide. 2020. MundoWorld.]]

[[File:Logo MonografíaWorld_Evolution-of-COVID--19-cases-by-major-regions-of-the-world_2020_statisticalgraph_17716_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Statistical graph: Evolución de casos Evolution of COVID-19 por grandes regiones del mundocases by major regions of the world. 2020. MundoWorld.]]

[[File:Logo MonografíaWorld_Evolution-of-COVID--19-cases-in-most-affected-countries_2020_statisticalgraph_17719_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Statistical graph: Evolución de casos Evolution of COVID-19 en los países más afectadoscases in most affected countries. 2020. MundoWorld.]]

[[File:Logo MonografíaChina_Origins-and-spread-of-Covid--19-in-China_2020_map_17842_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Origen y difusión del COVIDOrigins and spread of Covid-19 en in China. 2020. China. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/China_OrigenChina_Origins-yand-difusionspread-delof-COVIDCovid--19-enin-China_2020_mapa_17842_spaChina_2020_map_17842_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/China_OrigenChina_Origins-yand-difusionspread-delof-COVIDCovid--19-enin-China_2020_mapa_17842_spaChina_2020_map_17842_eng.zip DatosData].]][[File:Logo MonografíaWorld_Origin-and-spread-of-COVID--19_2020_map_17781_eng.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Map: Origen y difusión del Origin and spread of COVID-19 . 2020. MundoWorld. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Mundo_OrigenWorld_Origin-yand-difusionspread-delof-COVID--19_2020_mapa_17781_spa19_2020_map_17781_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Mundo_OrigenWorld_Origin-yand-difusionspread-delof-COVID--19_2020_mapa_17781_spa19_2020_map_17781_eng.zip DatosData].]]When analysing the spatial diffusion by country, it is helpful to differentiate the results in absolute and relative terms. On the one hand, China went from being the origin of the infection to playing a very discreet role in the global ranking. In absolute terms, the United States ranked as the world leader in terms of the total number of patients from the end of March 2020, with Brazil ranking second behind it. These two countries, with over 500 million inhabitants between them, have clearly topped all statistics in absolute terms since then. By contrast, in relative terms, Chile and the European States most impacted during the first wave, such as Belgium, Spain and Sweden, stand out for their high incidence among smaller populations. In other large countries, such as Russia and India, cases evolved in an ascending pattern before reaching a certain level of control, and they were amongst the top five countries for the total number of infections throughout the whole period under study.

Having analysed When analysing the spatial diffusion by country, it is helpful to differentiate the results in absolute and relative terms. On the one hand, China went from being the origin and expansion of the pandemic worldwide, infection to playing a very discreet role in the following paragraphs deal with its magnitudeglobal ranking. In this contextabsolute terms, three key aspects shall be evaluated the United States ranked as the world leader in order to understand terms of the scale total number of patients from the problem: the number end of COVID-19 cases recorded March 2020, with Brazil ranking second behind it. These two countries, with over 500 million inhabitants between January the two, have clearly topped all statistics in absolute terms since then. By contrast, in relative terms, Chile and the European States most impacted during the first wave, such as Belgium, Spain and JuneSweden, stand out for their high incidence amongst smaller populations. In other large countries, the number such as Russia and India, cases evolved in an ascending pattern before reaching a certain level of deaths control, and they were amongst the top five countries for the number total amount of healthcare workersinfections throughout the whole period under study.

[[File:Logo MonografíaHaving analysed the origin and expansion of the pandemic worldwide, the following paragraphs deal with its magnitude.jpg|right|thumb|300px|MapIn this context, three key aspects shall be evaluated in order to understand the scale of the problem: Personal sanitario en el mundo. 2018. Mundo. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Mundo_Personal-sanitario-en-el-mundo_2018_mapa_17813_spa.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Mundo_Personalthe number of COVID-sanitario-en-el-mundo_2018_mapa_17813_spa.zip Datos]19 cases recorded from January to June, the amount of deaths and the number of healthcare workers.]]

The number of COVID[[File:World_Healthcare-19 cases shall also be analysed in absolute and relative termsworkers_2018_map_17813_eng. In absolute values, the countries with the highest number of recorded cases during the first wave of the pandemic were the United States, Brazil, India and Russia, which is consistent with their large sizejpg|right|thumb|300px|Map: Healthcare workers. However, what is striking is that some other countries with less than 70 million inhabitants also feature at the top of the list, including the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Spain, Chile, Peru and Saudi Arabia2018. The high number of cases in these countries could be attributed to the high demographic densities in their urban areas, which are home to a sizeable part of their population, and the lack of an effective response to the outbreak during the initial weeks of the pandemic that allowed the virus to spreadWorld. In relative terms, the countries with worst data are the United States, Panama, Brazil, Peru, Chile, Spain, Belgium, Luxembourg, Ireland, Sweden, Belarus, Armenia, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman and Saudi Arabia, some of which are also amongst those worst affected in absolute terms[//centrodedescargas. It shall be noted that the governments of some countries, such as the United States, Brazil and Belarus, showed some initial scepticism toward the threat of the pandemic and failed to take decisive measures to contain the spread of the viruscnig. The evolution of the pandemic in Sweden, for example, was probably influenced by the implementation of deliberately lax lockdown measures that sought to seek a supposed herd immunityes/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida. do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/World_Healthcare-workers_2018_map_17813_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/World_Healthcare-workers_2018_map_17813_eng.zip Data]. ]]

[[File:Logo MonografíaWorld_COVID--19-cases_2020_map_17720_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Casos de COVID-19 en el mundocases. 2020. MundoWorld. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Mundo_Casos-de-COVIDWorld_COVID--19-en-el-mundo_2020_mapa_17720_spacases_2020_map_17720_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Mundo_Casos-de-COVIDWorld_COVID--19-en-el-mundo_2020_mapa_17720_spacases_2020_map_17720_eng.zip DatosData].]]The amount of deaths from COVID-19 during the first wave of the pandemic was influenced by several factors, including scant knowledge of the new virus, the shortage of medical and infection prevention equipment, the absence of specific medical treatments, etc. As a result, the mortality rate stood at 5% during the initial months but decreased from June 2020 due to improved treatments and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) availability. Given that nearly 80% of those who died worldwide were men over 70 and women over 80, the age distribution of the population was another factor to have a considerable bearing on the countrywide outcome. It is in this context that the world map of relative mortality shall be understood, in which there are five Western European countries (the United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, Belgium and Sweden) with a high mortality rate per 100,000 inhabitants due to their older age-sex pyramids and despite their solid health services, which were caught unaware during the first few months of the pandemic. At the opposite end of the scale, China (although many authors question the reliability of their data), Asia in general and Africa may be found, yet younger populations shall be borne in mind.

The number of deaths [[File:World_Deaths--from-COVID--19_2020_map_17724_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Deaths from COVID-19 during the first wave of the pandemic was influenced by several factors, including scant knowledge of the new virus, the shortage of medical and infection prevention equipment, the absence of specific medical treatments, etc. As aresult, the mortality rate stood at 5% during the initial months but decreased 2020. World. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/World_Deaths--from June 2020 due to improved treatments and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) availability-COVID--19_2020_map_17724_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig. Given that almost 80% of those who died worldwide were men over 70 and women over 80, the age distribution of the population was another factor to have a considerable bearing on the countrywide outcomees/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida. It is in this context that the world map of relative mortality shall be understood, in which there are five Western European countries (the United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, Belgium and Sweden) with a high mortality rate per 100,000 inhabitants due to their older agedo?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/World_Deaths--from-COVID--sex pyramids and despite their solid health services, which were caught unaware during the first few months of the pandemic19_2020_map_17724_eng. At the opposite end of the scale, China (although many authors question the reliability of their data), Asia in general and Africa may be found, yet younger populations shall be borne in mindzip Data].]]

[[File:Logo Monografía.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Map: Fallecidos por COVID-19 en el mundo. 2020. Mundo. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Mundo_Fallecidos-por-COVID--19-en-el-mundo_2020_mapa_17724_spa.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Mundo_Fallecidos-por-COVID--19-en-el-mundo_2020_mapa_17724_spa.zip Datos].]] With regard to healthcare workers, it is important to clarify two aspects: firstly, the data compiled by the United Nations for individual countries is for different years between 2010 and 2018; secondly, only doctors and nurses have been counted as healthcare workers, excluding other job categories in the this sector, such as clinical assistants, pharmacy workers, etc. The main takeaway that may be extracted from this map is the sharp contrast between north and south. The north includes Europe, North America, Oceania, some of the Latin American countries and the Arab World. Indicators in this area are high both in absolute terms and relative to population size. In addition, nurses account for a large proportion of their total number of registered healthcare workers. This situation is especially true for Norway, Sweden, Finland, Germany, Switzerland, the United States, Chile, Lithuania and Belarus (these last two countries possibly as a legacy of the Soviet model). China, India and some Latin American countries have intermediate values for the number of healthcare workers relative to population size. In the south, by contrast, sub-Saharan Africa has the lowest availability of healthcare workers, with the few exceptions to this general rule being Botswana, Zambia, Gabon and Ghana.

{{ANETextoAsociado48|titulo=PANDEMIAPANDEMIC|contenido=Propagación SSpread of a escala mundial y new disease at a cierta velocidad de una nueva enfermedadcertain speed, widely and simultaneously throughout several geographical areas of the world. Se declara cuando esta enfermedad se está extendiendo amplia y simultáneamente en múltiples áreas geográficas en todo el mundo. La declaración de la Organización Mundial de la Salud The World Health Organisation (OMSWHO) de una nueva pandemia de coronavirus fue inevitable cuando se certificaron casos de la enfermedad en más de declared COVID-19 a pandemic after more than 100 paísescountries officially registered cases of the disease.}}

{{ANETextoAsociado48|titulo=COVID O OR CORONAVIRUS|contenido=Tipo de virus que afecta a los seres humanos y que provoca síndromes respiratorios agudos severos. Forma parte de una gran familia de virus que circulan entre las personas y algunos animalesFamily of viruses that affect some mammals, como ciertos mamíferosincluding humans. Aunque existen algunos coronavirus que no afectan Some coronaviruses do not pose a la salud de las personasthreat to the health of humans. However, el COVID-19 ataca fundamentalmente a los pulmones y puede generar neumonías; en otros casos provoca problemas gástricos o pérdida del olfato y del gustocauses severe acute respiratory syndromes, attacks the lungs and may cause pneumonia. It may also cause gastric disorders and the loss of smell and taste.}}

{{ANETextoAsociado48|titulo=DIFUSIÓN ESPACIALSPACIAL DIFFUSION|contenido=PropagaciónSpread, expansión o divulgación de un fenómeno en el espacio y en el tiempoexpansion or dissemination of a phenomenon over space and time. Para que se materialice el proceso de difusión es necesaria la existencia de un foco en el que se origineFor the diffusion process to materialise, de un conjunto potencial de receptoresthere must be a central source from which the phenomenon originates, de canales de comunicación entre el punto emisor y los receptoresa set of potential receptors, y de un período de tiempo communication channels between the source and the receptors, and a variable en cada casoperiod of time. El proceso de difusión puede ser aleatorioThe diffusion process passes through nodal points and may involve a spread that is either random, en mancha de aceite o a través de formas jerárquicassimilar to that of an oil slick, pasando por puntos nodalesor hierarchical. Los modelos de difusión espacial se generalizaron a partir del trabajo del geógrafo sueco Spatial diffusion models came into widespread use following the work of Swedish geographer T . Haggerstränd en in 1968.}}

{{ANETextoAsociado48|titulo=TRANSMISIÓN COMUNITARIACOMMUNITY TRANSMISSION|contenido=Existe cuando en una población o territorio determinados se generalizan los contactos sin conocer su origen. Se establece al detectarse un Community transmission is said to be present when a virus en una o varias personasis detected in several people within a specific population or territory, desconociéndose cómo lo contrajeronand the origin of the infections are unknown. En el caso del nuevo coronavirusIn the case of COVID-19, la transmisión comunitaria empezó a detectarse cuando varios positivos coincidían en el hecho de haber visitado hacía poco community transmission was detected when various people were tested positive for the disease after having recently visited China u otras áreas donde el and other areas where the virus se estaba propagandowas spreading. Este tipo de transmisión significa que el This type of transmission denotes that the virus se ha generalizado por la comunidad sin haber sido detectado por un tiempohas been widespread in the community yet gone undetected for some time. Cuando existe transmisión comunitaria se estima que la expansión del When there is community transmission, the spread of the virus está descontroladais deemed to be uncontrolled.}}

{{ANETextoAsociado48|titulo=TASA DE POSITIVIDADPOSITIVITY RATE|contenido=Porcentaje de casos positivos de Percentage of COVID-19 en relación con el tests that come back positive out of the total de pruebas de detección realizadasamount of screening tests performed. Si el porcentaje es inferior al A pandemic is deemed to be under control if this percentage lies under 5% se estima que la pandemia está en vías de control. SiA positivity rate over 5%, por el contrarioon the other hand, se supera esa cifra se estima que muchos casos de personas infectadas no se conocen, por lo que es necesario hacer cribados y existe transmisión comunitariasuggests many people are unaware they are infected and therefore community transmission exists and screening is required. En The generalconsensus is that this indicator offers a more accurate assessment of the risk of infection than the daily number of positives as the number of screening tests performed may vary from day to day, se considera que este indicador es más preciso que el número diario de positivos, ya que el total de PCR realizados puede variar cotidianamente y la positividad nos informa del riesgo de contagio recurriendo whilst the positivity rate is a un porcentaje siempre comparable, si la dinámica de realización de pruebas se rige por los mismos criteriosrelative value that may always be used to compare different periods as long as the testing criteria remain the same.}}

{{ANETextoAsociado48|titulo=INCIDENCIAINCIDENCE|contenido=Número de casos detectados de una nueva enfermedad en un periodo de tiempo determinado y en una zona o comunidad concretaNumber of detected cases of a disease in a given period and specific area or community. It could also be described as the probability that a person from a specific population will be affected by said disease. AsimismoIn addition, se podría expresar como la probabilidad de que una persona de una cierta población resulte afectada por dicha enfermedadthe incidence rate represents the speed at which new cases of the disease appear in the exposed population. It is calculated by dividing the number of new cases of the disease by the number of inhabitants. La tasa de incidencia representa la velocidad Lastly, the cumulative incidence is the proportion of people who fall ill in a la que se producen nuevos casos de la enfermedad en la población expuesta. Se calcula dividiendo los nuevos casos entre el número de habitantes. La incidencia acumulada es la proporción de personas que enferman en un tiempo determinadogiven period of time. También es el resultado de dividir el número de casos aparecidos entre el número de personas que están libres de la enfermedad al inicio del periodoIt is calculated by dividing the number of registered cases by the amount of people who were free of the disease at the beginning of the period. Normalmente se suele tener en cuenta cada It is usually calculated for every 100.,000 habitantes y en periodos de inhabitants in periods of 7 a to 14 díasdays.}}

{{ANETextoAsociado48|titulo=CONFINAMIENTOLOCKDOWN|contenido=Aislamiento temporal y generalmente impuesto a una poblaciónExtraordinary and emergency measure involving the temporary isolation of an individual, una persona o un grupo por razones de salud o de seguridadgroup or entire population for health or safety reasons. Casi siempre es el resultado de una decisión gubernativaIt involves restricting movements of the population in the affected area and closing leisure, que implica recluir dentro de unos límitestourism and cultural facilities. Se trata de una medida extraordinaria y de emergencia tomada por motivos de enfermedad o de prevención, que supone el cierre de establecimientos de ocio, turísticos, culturales y en la que se restringen los desplazamientos de la población de la zona afectada. En sus casos más extremos puede ser total, aunque lo más frecuente es que se respeten los movimientos de carácter laboralIt may be a full restriction in very extreme cases, asistencialyet it is mostly not so strict and travelling is allowed to varying degrees for buying food and pharmaceutical products, de emergencia o el aprovisionamiento de comida y productos farmacéuticosfor work, en distintos gradosto provide care and in case of emergency.}}

{{ANETextoAsociado48|titulo=INMUNIDADIMMUNITY|contenido=Forma en la que el cuerpo se protege contra las enfermedades causadas por infecciones. Estado de resistencia A person’s general que posee una persona respecto a una enfermedad infecciosa o una toxinalevel of resistance to or protection from an infectious disease or toxin. Se vincula a la presencia de anticuerpos o células que desarrollan una acción específica contra el microorganismo causante de la infecciónIt is linked to the presence of antibodies or cells that act specifically against the microorganism that causes the infection. Se diferencian dos tipos de inmunidadThere are two types of immunity: la inmunidad activaactive immunity, que suele durar añoswhich usually lasts for years and is acquired naturally, se adquiere naturalmente como consecuencia de una infección o artificialmente as a través de una vacunaconsequence of an infection, or artificially, through a vaccine; la inmunidad pasivaand passive immunity, de corta duración which has a short duration (de algunos días from a varios mesesfew days to several months), se obtiene naturalmente por transmisión materna o artificialmente por inoculación de anticuerpos protectores específicosand is obtained naturally, by maternal transmission, or artificially, by inoculating specific protective antibodies. También se ha generalizado la expresión inmunidad colectivaThe term ‘herd immunity’ is widely used to describe a situation in which a high proportion of a population has immunity and, de masa o de rebañotherefore, cuando la proporción de población inmune es alta y el agente tiene menor probabilidad de diseminarsethe agent is less likely to spread. }}

{{ANETextoAsociado48|titulo=PCR Y TEST DE ANTÍGENOSAND ANTIGEN TESTS|contenido=Pruebas utilizadas para la detección de infecciones (The acronym PCR es una sigla en inglés que significa reacción en cadena de la polimerasa)stands for polymerase chain reaction. It is a type of test used to detect infections. La prueba consiste en extraer It consists of extracting genetic material genético de una muestra y compararlo con los from a sample and comparing it with the genes encontrados en el found in viruses (for example, in SARS-CoV-2 o con otros virus). Se toma una muestra de la persona sospechosa introduciendo un hisopo The test involves inserting a swab (bastoncillocotton bud) por la nariz o por la boca para recogerlainto the nose or mouth of the person suspected of being infected to collect a sample. Si la técnica de If the PCR no detecta el technique does not detect the virus's genetic material genético del virus, lo más probable es que la persona no esté infectadait is likely the person is not infected. Por su parte, el The antigen test de antígenos consiste en introducir una molécula tóxicaentails introducing a toxic molecule to the sample that generates an antibody reaction, que genera una reacción de anticuerpos. Si esta es del enabling inferring whether the subject is infected by the virus del COVID se puede inferir si el sujeto está infectado en ese momento.}}

{{ANETextoAsociado48|titulo=DISTANCIAMIENTO SOCIALDISTANCING|contenido=Expresión referida Term used to describe the imposition or recommendation that people keep a la imposición o recomendación del alejamiento entre personas no convivientes para evitar contagiosphysical distance between themselves and anyone with whom they do not share a home. En realidad, debería denominarse distanciamiento físico, dado que alude a todos los individuos con los que no se comparte viviendaIts purpose is to prevent transmissions. Esta medida se ha convertido en la recomendación más importante para contener la propagación de un virusThis measure has become the most effective tool for containing the spread of COVID-19, especialmente cuando no existen evidencias precisas del rastreo de contactoespecially when community transmission exists.}}

{{ANEAutoria|Autores= Agustín Gámir Orueta, Rubén C. Lois González, Ángel Miramontes Carballada y and Ana Paula Santana Rodrigues}}{{ANETextoEpigrafe|epigrafe=Recursos relacionados temáticamente}} {{#ask:  [[Tiene palabra clave::casos de COVID-19]] OR  [[Tiene palabra clave::mortalidad por COVID-19]] OR [[Tiene palabra clave::personal sanitario en la Unión Europea]]   |mainlabel=Vista previa |?Tiene título alternativo 1#=Título |?Pertenece a subtema=Subtema |?Tiene JPG=JPG |?Tiene versión interactiva=Interactivo |?Tiene extensión temporal=Extensión temporal |?Cuándo se modifico la última vez=Fecha revisión |?Tiene datos brutos publicados#tick=Contiene datos brutos |?Tiene más información=Descarga completa |headers=plain |link=all |limit=100 |sort=Tiene título alternativo 1 |order=ascending |class=datatable}}