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Talk:Labour market (COVID-19 monograph)

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[[File:Spain_Workers-affiliated-to-the-Social-Security-System_2018-2019_map_17823_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Workers affiliated to the Social Security System. 2018-2019. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Workers-affiliated-to-the-Social-Security-System_2018-2019_map_17823_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Workers-affiliated-to-the-Social-Security-System_2018-2019_map_17823_eng.zip Data]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=s17823.s17823&i2=c12229.c12229&t=A02&t2=A03&view=map9 Interactive version]. ]]
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[[File:Spain_Workers-affiliated-to-the-Social-Security-system-during-the-first-wave-of-the-pandemic_2019-2020_map_17824_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Workers affiliated to the Social Security system during the first wave of the pandemic. 2019-2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Workers-affiliated-to-the-Social-Security-system-during-the-first-wave-of-the-pandemic_2019-2020_map_17824_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Workers-affiliated-to-the-Social-Security-system-during-the-first-wave-of-the-pandemic_2019-2020_map_17824_eng.zip Data]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=s17824.s17824&i2=c12235.c12235&t=A02&t2=A03&view=map9 Interactive version]. ]]
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</ul></div>This pattern continued towards the beginning of 2020, but was suddenly interrupted by the state of alarm on 14 March, which brought all ‘non-essential economic activities’ to a halt. This had a major impact on the amount of workers affiliated to the Social Security system. From 14 to 31 March, affiliations plummeted. The Social Security system lost 898,822 affiliated workers in just one month, of which 855,081 were affiliated to the General Scheme (equivalent to a drop of 5.63%) and 40,877 to the Special Scheme for Self-Employed Workers (equivalent to a reduction of 1.25%).
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<div><ul style="text-align: left; margin-bottomtop: 0>{{ANETextoAsociado48ANETextoAsociado49|titulo=EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS|contenido=[[File:Spain_Employment-contracts-during-the-pandemic_2019-2020_map_18159_eng.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Map: Employment contracts during the pandemic. 2019-2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Employment-contracts-during-the-pandemic_2019-2020_map_18159_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Employment-contracts-during-the-pandemic_2019-2020_map_18159_eng.zip Data]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=s18159.s18159&i2=c12635.c12635&t=A01&t2=A02&view=map10 Interactive version]. ]] 
The drop in the amount of workers affiliated to the Social Security system who had temporary contracts (-17.30%) was much sharper than amongst those with permanent contracts (-1.92%). However, new contracts were signed in all regions, most of them temporary, as shown on the map on [[:File:Spain_Employment-contracts-during-the-pandemic_2019-2020_map_18159_eng.jpg| ''Employment Contracts during the pandemic'']]. This map depicts the amount of employment contracts -both temporary and permanent- registered in the National Public Employment Service throughout the first wave of the pandemic. The variation in the amount of new contracts signed in 2020 in relation to those signed in the same period in 2019 is shown on the choropleth. The downturn in the labour market explains why this variation was negative in all regions, although not to the same degree. New contracts fell the most in the Balearic Islands (Illes Balears) (-72.3%), followed by the Canary Islands (Canarias) and some regions in northern Spain, with a negative variation ranging from -50% to -60%. Andalusia (Andalucía), the Region of Valencia (Comunitat Valenciana), Aragón, Navarre (Navarra) and La Rioja registered slightly lower decreases, of -40% to -50%. Falls registered in Extremadura and Castile-La Mancha (Castilla-La Mancha) were around -30% to -40%. Only in the Region of Murcia (Región de Murcia) was the fall somewhat lower (-28.5%).}}
<ul style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0>{{ANETextoAsociado48ANETextoAsociado49|titulo=HOME OFFICE|contenido=[[File:Spain_Home-office-during-the-pandemic_2020_map_18158_eng.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Map: Home office during the pandemic. 2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Home-office-during-the-pandemic_2020_map_18158_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Home-office-during-the-pandemic_2020_map_18158_eng.zip Data]. Interactive versions [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c12629.c12629&t=A02&view=map10 1] [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c12630.c12630&t=A02&view=map10 2] [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c12631.c12631&t=A02&view=map10 3]. ]]
Many companies and public administrations could only continue their activity during lockdown in spring 2020 by allowing their employees to work from home. A previously scarcely used labour format became almost overnight a large-scale experiment to test the possibilities offered by this way of managing the production process. According to the Labour Force Survey, at least 20% of employees in Spain were in home office during this period.
Figures highlight significant differences by region and sex. From a spatial point of view, the Region of Madrid (Comunidad de Madrid) stands out, as over 30% of employees were in home office. This contrasts with the Canary Islands (Canarias), La Rioja, Navarre (Navarra) and the Region of Murcia (Región de Murcia) where only under 15% of employees worked from home. In terms of gender, more women than men were in home office in most of the regions, especially in Aragón, Extremadura and the town of Melilla.
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{{ANETextoEpigrafe|epigrafe=Registered unemployment}}  [[File:Spain_Evolution-in-registered-unemployment_2015-2020_statisticalgraph_17839_eng.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Statistical graph: Evolution in registered unemployment. 2015-2020. Spain.]]One of the immediate effects of the health crisis on the labour market was that many people were unable to carry out the tasks they usually performed. Countless people saw their economic activity suspended by the economic shutdown following the state of alarm on 14 March, with exceptions only being made for activities that were considered ‘essential’. As restrictions were gradually loosened in May and June, some workers were able to return to work, yet many others were not. This second group included those whose companies made use of the exceptional measures put in place by the national government through the Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme (agreed upon by employers and unions and approved in Parliament), which allowed employers to reduce working hours and even suspend contracts. Also in this group were those unable to return to work, either because the company could not withstand the temporary shutdown and folded or because the company adjusted its workforce once economy opened again, what made some employees redundant.
[[File:Logo_MonografíaSpain_Registered-unemployment-by-sex-and-age_2018-2019_map_17837_eng.jpg|rightleft|thumb|300px|Statistical graphMap: Evolution in registred Registered unemploymentby sex and age. 20152018-20202019. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Registered-unemployment-by-sex-and-age_2018-2019_map_17837_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Registered-unemployment-by-sex-and-age_2018-2019_map_17837_eng.zip Data]. Interactive versions [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=s17837_a.s17837_a&i2=c12242.c12242&t=A02&t2=A03&view=map10 1] [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=s17837_b.s17837_b&i2=c12242.c12242&t=A02&t2=A03&view=map10 2] .]]One of [[File:Spain_Registered-unemployment-by-sex-and-age-during-the immediate effects -first-wave-of -the health crisis on the labour market was that many people were unable to carry out the tasks they usually performed-pandemic_2019-2020_map_17838_eng. Countless people saw their economic activity suspended jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Registered unemployment by sex and age during the economic shutdown following first wave of the state of alarm on 14 March, with exceptions only being made for activities that were considered ‘essential’pandemic. 2019-2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig. As restrictions were gradually loosened in May and June, some workers were able to return to work, yet many others were notes/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida. This second group included those whose companies made use of the exceptional measures put in place do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Registered-unemployment-by -sex-and-age-during-the national government through -first-wave-of-the Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme (agreed upon -pandemic_2019-2020_map_17838_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Registered-unemployment-by employers -sex-and unions and approved in Parliament), which allowed employers to reduce working hours and even suspend contracts. Also in this group were those unable to return to work, either because -age-during-the company could not withstand -first-wave-of-the temporary shutdown and folded or because the company adjusted its workforce once economy opened again, what made some employees redundant-pandemic_2019-2020_map_17838_eng.zip Data]. Interactive versions [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=s17838_a.s17838_a&i2=c12249.c12249&t=A02&t2=A03&view=map10 1] [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=s17838_b.s17838_b&i2=c12249.c12249&t=A02&t2=A03&view=map10 2] .]]
[[File:Logo_Monografía.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Registred unemployment by sex and age. 2018-2019. Spain.]][[File:Logo_Monografía.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Registred unemployment by sex and age during the first wave of the pandemic. 2019-2020. Spain.]] Some of the workers who lost their jobs were classified as unemployed for statistical purposes (unemployed are considered those who do not have a job but are available to work and actively seeking employment). Others chose to leave the labour market and join the economically inactive population. The amount of people classified as unemployed depends on the requirements that shall be met to be considered as such. There are two statistical sources usually used to measure unemployment, i.e. ‘registered unemployment’ carried out by the National Public Employment Service, and ‘estimated unemployment according to the Labour Force Survey’, accomplished by the National Statistics Institute. These data are produced by two different institutions and have differing public purposes, i.e. the former aims at protecting jobs, whilst the latter is purely statistical. They provide different pieces of information and measure different concepts. Therefore, their figures differ.
Unemployment registered by the National Public Employment Service is an administrative statistic obtained from the register of job seekers, which excludes anyone not meeting the requirements to be included in this register. These data may only provide a limited analysis of the general trends followed by employment as they may not be used to calculate the unemployment rate and are based on a subjective classification of unemployed. Nevertheless, a general overview on the impact of the health crisis on employment may be inferred from these data.
The distribution of registered unemployed by sex and age did not change during this period. Women were the majority in all regions, and only around 8% of registered unemployed were under 25 years of age. Many unemployed registered as job seekers in order to receive the unemployment benefit they were entitled to, which is linked to the time they were employed in their previous jobs and paying contributions to the Social Security system. As a result, many young people in this group may have not registered as job seekers as they had not worked enough time to earn the right to this benefit.
[[File:Logo_MonografíaSpain_Registered-unemployment-by-economic-sector_2018-2019_map_17843_eng.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Map: Registred Registered unemployment by economic sector. 2018-2019. Spain.[//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Registered-unemployment-by-economic-sector_2018-2019_map_17843_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Registered-unemployment-by-economic-sector_2018-2019_map_17843_eng.zip Data]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=s17843.s17843&i2=c12305.c12305&t=A02&t2=A02&view=map9 Interactive version]]][[File:Logo_MonografíaSpain_Registered-unemployment-by-economic-sector-during-the-first-wave-of-the-pandemic_2019-2020_map_17844_eng.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Map: Registred Registered unemployment by economic sector during the first wave of the pandemic. 2019-2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Registered-unemployment-by-economic-sector-during-the-first-wave-of-the-pandemic_2019-2020_map_17844_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Registered-unemployment-by-economic-sector-during-the-first-wave-of-the-pandemic_2019-2020_map_17844_eng.zip Data]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=s17844.s17844&i2=c12326.c12326&t=A02&t2=A02&view=map9 Interactive version].]] Registered unemployment dropped in all regions in the period from March to June both in 2018 and 2019. The drop was less severe in Catalonia (Catalunya/Cataluña), the Region of Valencia (Comunitat Valenciana), the Region of Murcia (Región de Murcia), Andalusia (Andalucía), the Balearic Islands (Illes Balears) and the Canary Islands (Canarias). As this period comes before the summer high season for tourism, recruitment levels are positive, yet never as intense as those registered during the summer. However, the effects of the pandemic become evident when comparing these months in 2019 and 2020. Data for 2020 show a general rise in unemployment throughout Spain. The situation in the Balearic Islands (Illes Balears), where the fall in employment led to a 63% increase in registered unemployed, is particularly challenging. The closure of borders to international tourists and the state of alarm that limited mobility for domestic tourists led to a standstill of tourism, which plays a crucial role in economy in the Balearic Islands (Illes Balears).
Provincial differences in the variation in registered unemployed and in the incidence of unemployment, shown on the map on [[:File:Registered Spain_Registered-unemployment -by -economic -sector -during -the -first -wave -of -the pandemic-pandemic_2019-2020_map_17844_eng.jpg|| ''Registered unemployment by economic sector during the first wave of the pandemic'']], may be attributed to two types of factors. Firstly, pandemic-related factors, in terms of restrictions on mobility and the incidence of the disease. Secondly, the production-related factors that define the economy of each province.
According to data from the Ministry of Work and Social Economy, the bulk of the monthly increase in unemployment by sector was concentrated in the service sector in absolute terms, which saw a rise of 206,000 in March 2020, 9% more than in the previous month. In relative terms, however, the rise was more significant in the industry sector (25,194 people and 9.15%) and, above all, in the construction sector (58,000 people and 22.9%). Finally, the group of people without previous employment recorded 4,984 new job seekers, increasing by 1.91%. From April to May 2020, registered unemployment decreased in the construction sector (23,717 people, -6.89%) and in the industry (262 fewer unemployed people, -0.08%). By contrast, registered unemployment rose, above all, in the service sector (40,784 more job seekers, 1.50%), in the agricultural sector (710 job seekers, 0.43%) and in the group without previous employment (9,058 people, 3.30%).
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[[File:Logo_MonografíaSpain_Estimated-unemployment-by-sex_2019_map_17845_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Estimated unemployment by sex. 2019. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Estimated-unemployment-by-sex_2019_map_17845_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Estimated-unemployment-by-sex_2019_map_17845_eng.zip Data]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=s17845.s17845&i2=c12267.c12267&t=A02&t2=A02&view=map10 Interactive version].]]
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[[File:Logo_MonografíaSpain_Estimated-unemployment-by-sex-during-the-fisrt-wave-of-the-pandemic_2020_map_17846_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Estimated unemployment by sex during the first fisrt wave of the pandemic. 2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Estimated-unemployment-by-sex-during-the-fisrt-wave-of-the-pandemic_2020_map_17846_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Estimated-unemployment-by-sex-during-the-fisrt-wave-of-the-pandemic_2020_map_17846_eng.zip Data]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=s17846.s17846&i2=c12271.c12271&t=A03&t2=A02&view=map10 Interactive version].]]
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</ul></div>For example, furloughed workers were not classified as unemployed –even though they were not working– as they continued to be linked to their company and received payments from the government to a large proportion of their salaries. Another example of the challenges involved in taking an accurate reading of these statistics is the situation affecting the over a million people who lost their jobs in the second quarter of the year. The vast majority of these could not be officially considered ‘unemployed’ as they could not actively seek employment during lockdown, which is a key requirement for the statistical definition of unemployment. Therefore, these workers were considered ‘inactive’, which meant that although the inactive population increased, conversely unemployed did not grow to the extent that may have been expected.
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<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align:top">[[File:Logo_MonografíaSpain_Estimated-youth-unemployment_2019_map_17847_eng.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Map: Estimated youth unemployment. 2019. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Estimated-youth-unemployment_2019_map_17847_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Estimated-youth-unemployment_2019_map_17847_eng.zip Data]. Interactive versions [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=s17847a.s17847a&i2=c12256.c12256&t=A02&t2=A02&view=map10 1] [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=s17847b.s17847b&i2=c12256.c12256&t=A02&t2=A02&view=map10 2].]]
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[[File:Logo_MonografíaSpain_Estimated-youth-unemployment-during-the-first-wave-of-the-pandemic_2020_map_17848_eng.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Map: Estimated youth unemployment during the first wave of the pandemic. 2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Estimated-youth-unemployment-during-the-first-wave-of-the-pandemic_2020_map_17848_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Estimated-youth-unemployment-during-the-first-wave-of-the-pandemic_2020_map_17848_eng.zip Data]. Interactive versions [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=s17848a.s17848a&i2=c12263.c12263&t=A02&t2=A02&view=map100 1] [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=s17848b.s17848b&i2=c12263.c12263&t=A02&t2=A02&view=map10 2].]]
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{{ANETextoEpigrafe|epigrafe=Furlough Schemes}} [[File:Spain_Furloughed-workers_2020_map_17849_eng.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Map: Furloughed workers. 2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Furloughed-workers_2020_map_17849_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Furloughed-workers_2020_map_17849_eng.zip Data]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=s17849.s17849&t=A02&view=map9 Interactive version].]]
[[File:Logo_Monografía.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Statistical graph: Companies using furlough schemes according to economic sector. 2020. España.]]The labour market began to feel rapidly the impact of the pandemic short after 14 March 2020. The public administrations quickly took hefty measures to lessen the effects of lockdown for both companies and workers. One of the main priorities of Royal Decree Law 8/2020 of 17 March, on extraordinary urgent measures to reduce the economic and social impact of COVID-19, was to protect the productive and social fabric so that it could resume normal activity as soon as possible. One of the most important and effective mechanisms was Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme, officially called ‘Temporary Employment Regulation Scheme’, which is a furlough-type instrument which already existed in Spanish regulation but was adapted to fit the new scenario. This instrument allowed companies to temporarily suspend an employment contract or reduce its working hours whilst keeping the employment relationship. Whilst this Scheme was in force, workers received a payment from the government to compensate for the total or partial loss of their salary. Two new furlough schemes were set, i.e. one due to force majeure and the other due to objective reasons. Both were intended to prevent lay-offs linked to uncertainty and the drop in activity caused by lockdown. The intensity and duration of the health crisis forced the public administrations to lengthen this mechanism on several occasions, to the extent that it was still in force in June 2021.
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[[File:Logo_MonografíaSpain_Companies-using-furlough-schemes-according-to-economic-sector_2020_statisticalgraph_17876_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|MapStatistical graph: Companies using furlough schemesaccording to economic sector. 2020. Spain.]]
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[[File:Logo_MonografíaSpain_Companies-using-furlough-schemes_2020_map_17874_eng.jpg|leftright|thumb|300px|Map: Furloughed workersCompanies using furlough schemes. 2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Companies-using-furlough-schemes_2020_map_17874_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Companies-using-furlough-schemes_2020_map_17874_eng.zip Data]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=s17874.s17874&t=A02&view=map9 Interactive version].]]
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</ul></div>Data registered by the National Public Employment Service for the months of May and June 2020 show that Furlough Schemes were predominantly used in the service sector, particularly in commerce and the food and beverage services. To a lesser extent, Furlough Schemes were also used in professional and administrative services, education, sports, culture, social services, manufacturing and construction. Restrictions and limitations being loosened and then lifted after lockdown and the gradual return to ‘new normal life’ from May 2020, led in all cases to a drop in uptakes by June 2020.
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[[File:Logo_MonografíaSpain_Beneficiaries-of-unemployment-benefits_2019-2020_map_17873_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Beneficiaries of unemployment benefits. 2019-2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Beneficiaries-of-unemployment-benefits_2019-2020_map_17873_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Beneficiaries-of-unemployment-benefits_2019-2020_map_17873_eng.zip Data]. Interactive versions [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=s17873a.s17873a&t=A02&view=map10 1] [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=s17873b.s17873b&t=A02&view=map10 2].]][[File:Logo_MonografíaSpain_Households-with-no-income_2019-2020_map_17855_eng.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Map: Households with no income. 2019-2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Households-with-no-income_2019-2020_map_17855_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Households-with-no-income_2019-2020_map_17855_eng.zip Data]. Interactive versions [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c12273.c12273&t=A02&view=map10 1] [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c12274.c12274&t=A02&view=map10 2].]][[File:Logo_MonografíaSpain_Evolution-in-the-amount-of-households-with-no-income_2005-2020_statisticalgraph_17864_eng.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Statistical graph: Evolution in the amount of households with no income. 2005-2020. Spain.]][[File:Logo_MonografíaSpain_Households-where-all-active-members-are-unemployed_2020_map_18363_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Households with where all active members are unemploymentunemployed. 2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Households-where-all-active-members-are-unemployed_2020_map_18363_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Households-where-all-active-members-are-unemployed_2020_map_18363_eng.zip Data]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c12855.c12855&t=A02&view=map10 Interactive version]. ]][[File:Logo_MonografíaSpain_Evolution-in-the-amount-of-households-where-all-active-members-are-unemployed_2005-2020_statisticalgraph_18364_eng.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Statistical graph: Evolution in the amont amount of households with where all active members are unemploymentunemployed. 2005-2020. EspañaSpain.]]The first estimates of the impact of the pandemic on economy in Europe confirm that poverty rate is increasing in many states. In spite of the emergency measures put in force by the governments, the current situation is breeding a rise in income disparities between states and reducing the social and territorial cohesion of the continent. States in the south, and Spain in particular, have fewer jobs that may be carried out using home office, yet those who may work from home tend to be more qualified and have higher salaries than in other central European states. In addition, fewer medium and low-skilled jobs were deemed as being ‘essential’ in southern European states, suggesting that the impact of the pandemic on lower-income households was more significant than in other states.
Comparing the months of May 2019 and May 2020 reveals a remarkable rise in the amount of people claiming unemployment benefits throughout Spain, especially by those affected by furloughs (see the map on [[:File:Beneficiaries Spain_Beneficiaries-of -unemployment benefits-benefits_2019-2020_map_17873_eng.jpg|''Beneficiaries of unemployment benefits'']]). However, significant differences may be observed in the regional coverage rates (see the map on [[:File:Coverage Spain_Coverage-of -unemployment benefits-benefits_2019-2020_map_17871_eng.jpg|''Coverage of unemployment benefits'']]), which measure the ratio of beneficiaries of unemployment benefits to unemployed. The coverage of unemployment benefits increased in the northern and eastern regions, whilst it reduced in some southern regions, especially Extremadura and Andalusia (Andalucía).
[[File:Logo_MonografíaSpain_Coverage-of-unemployment-benefits_2019-2020_map_17871_eng.jpg||left|thumb|300px|MapaMap: Coverage of unemployment benefits. 2019-2020. EspañaSpain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Coverage-of-unemployment-benefits_2019-2020_map_17871_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Coverage-of-unemployment-benefits_2019-2020_map_17871_eng.zip Data]. Interactive versions [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c12336.c12336&t=A02&view=map10 1] [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c12337.c12337&t=A02&view=map10 2] [http://interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c12338.c12338&t=A02&view=map10 3] .]]The effects of the pandemic revealed more quickly and were more harmful for more vulnerable households, according to the quarterly data from the Labour Force Survey. Both the graph on the [[:File:Evolution in the amount of households.jpg|''Evolution in the amount of households'']] where all active members are unemployed and the graph on the [[:File:Evolution Spain_Evolution-in -the -amount -of -households -with -no income-income_2005-2020_statisticalgraph_17864_eng.jpg|''Evolution in the amount of households with no income'']] show that the second quarter of 2020 marked a clear change in trend with respect to the one observed since 2014.
This change in direction entails an increased risk of unemployment, which is much greater for those who live in vulnerable households. The poorest households saw their income drop by a third in the initial months of the pandemic, especially if their members came from ‘informal employment’. This caused a rapid rise in the amount of households living in severe poverty, especially amongst those with dependent minors. The percentage of households with no income, whether due to lack of work or to not having received benefits, increased by almost 20% from the last quarter of 2019 to the second quarter of 2020. However, it shall be pointed out that this rise was nearly double as much for households with dependent minors (37%). Therefore, the economic impact of lockdown seems to have been significantly more severe in households with dependent minors, the long-term consequences of which are an issue of major concern.
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[[File:Logo_MonografíaSpain_Households-receiving-Regional-Minimum-Income-benefits_2019_map_18209_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Households receiving Regional Minimum Income benefits. 2019. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Households-receiving-Regional-Minimum-Income-benefits_2019_map_18209_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Households-receiving-Regional-Minimum-Income-benefits_2019_map_18209_eng.zip Data]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c12821.c12821&t=A02&view=map10 Interactive version].]]
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[[File:Logo_MonografíaSpain_Households-in-poverty-receiving-regional-minimum-income-benefits_2019_map_18210_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Households in poverty receiving Regional Minimum Income regional minimum income benefits. 2019. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Households-in-poverty-receiving-regional-minimum-income-benefits_2019_map_18210_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Households-in-poverty-receiving-regional-minimum-income-benefits_2019_map_18210_eng.zip Data]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c12822.c12822&t=A02&view=map10 Interactive version].]]
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[[File:Logo_MonografíaSpain_Benefits-from-the-National-Minimum-Subsistence-Income-by-household_2020_map_18207_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Benefits from the national National Minimum Subsistence Income by household. 2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Benefits-from-the-National-Minimum-Subsistence-Income-by-household_2020_map_18207_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Benefits-from-the-National-Minimum-Subsistence-Income-by-household_2020_map_18207_eng.zip Data]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c12649.c12649&t=A02&view=map9 Interactive version].]]
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[[File:Logo_MonografíaSpain_Benefits-from-the-National-Minimum-Subsistence-Income-by-household-in-poverty_2020_map_18208_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Benefits from the national National Minimum Subsistence Income by household in poverty. 2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Benefits-from-the-National-Minimum-Subsistence-Income-by-household-in-poverty_2020_map_18208_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Benefits-from-the-National-Minimum-Subsistence-Income-by-household-in-poverty_2020_map_18208_eng.zip Data]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c12686.c12686&t=A02&view=map10 Interactive version].]]
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Usr20
588
edits
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