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{{ANEEtiqueta|palabrasclave= Carthaginians in the Iberian Peninsula, Romans, Romanisation, Roman occupation, Celtiberian wars, Cantabrian wars, Roman cities, Christianity in Roman Hispania, productive centres in Roman Hispania, Roman villas, administrative organisation of Roman Hispania, Hispania ulterior, Hispania citerior, Lusitania, Baetica, Tarraconensis, Cartaginenesis, Gallaecia, Roman roads, Roman roads|descripcion= Cartographic presentation The so-called Ancient Age was considered to have begun in the East with the appearance of prehistorywriting some 5, including000 years ago, among others, sites on and in the Iberian Peninsuladuring the second Iron Age, throughout the 3rd century BC.|url=valor}}{{ANEObra|Serie=Compendium http://nationalatlas.ign.es/images/thumb/c/c9/Spain_Constitution-of -the National Atlas -Visigothic-state.-Germanic-invasions_0286-0454_map_13988_eng.jpg/198px-Spain_Constitution-of Spain|Logo=[[File:Logo_Compendio-the-Visigothic-state.-Germanic-invasions_0286-0454_map_13988_eng.jpg|left|60x60px|link=]]|Título=Spain on maps|Subtítulo=A geographic synopsis|Año=2022|Contenido=New content}}

{{ANENavegacionSubcapituloANEObra|Serie=Compendium of the National Atlas of Spain|seccionLogo=[[HistoryFile:Logo_Compendio.jpg|left|60x60px|Historylink=]]|capituloTítulo=[[Historical overview|Historical overview]]Spain on maps|subcapituloSubtítulo=Ancient Age}}A geographic synopsis{{ANENavegacionHermanos|anteriorAño=[[Prehistory]]2022|siguienteContenido=[[Middle Ages]]New content}}

{{ANETextoEpigrafeANENavegacionSubcapitulo|epigrafeseccion=[[History|History]]|capitulo=[[Historical overview|Historical overview]]|subcapitulo=Ancient Age}}Until relatively recently, the Ancient Age was widely considered to have begun in the Orient with the advent of writing, roughly 5,000 years ago. Today, other factors are also taken into account when situating this period in the timeline of history, such as the way societies were organised, diversification with respect to production and consumption, transport systems, and lastly, the appearance of more advanced civilisations that have gone down in history or, in other words, have persisted in our collective memory.{{ANENavegacionSubtemaAnterior|nombre subtema=[[Prehistory]]}}{{ANENavegacionSubtemaSiguiente|nombre subtema=[[Middle Ages]]}}<div style="clear: both;"></div>

One thing we know for certain is that at the end of the Iron AgeUntil relatively recently, the Iberian Peninsula was in the throes of war for the first time. This violent reality marked the dawning of the Ancient Age on the Peninsula and the transition to the historical era. The ending of the Ancient Age is was widely taken considered to have occurred sometime between begun in the 5^th and 8^th centuries AD. These three centuries, spanning from Orient with the end advent of Antiquity to the beginning of the Middle Ageswriting, roughly 5, have been termed The Transition to the Middle Ages000 years ago. By this timeToday, a definition of the Iberian Peninsula was other factors are also taken into account as a unified territory, already medieval when situating this period in nature, with its own borders and institutions. Its development paralleled the rise timeline of history, such as the Republic of Veniceway societies were organised, the expansion of the Franks diversification with its epicentre in Parisrespect to production and consumption, the shift from Latin to Greek in the Eastern Roman Empiretransport systems, and lastly, the appearance and spread of Islam from Anatolia to Gibraltarmore advanced civilisations that have gone down in history or, in other words, ending at the “mare nostrum”have persisted in our collective memory.<br>

In <div style="display: inline-flex; flex-flow: column wrap; float: right; clear: right; text-align: center; justify-content: center; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; ">[[File:Spain_Struggle-for-the initial years -peninsular-domain.-Consolidation-of -the Ancient Age on -Carthaginian-power-(early-3rd-century-BC)_2014_map_16775_eng.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Map: Struggle for the Peninsula, Carthage, an ancient Phoenician colony peninsular domain. Consolidation of Tyre, near modern day Tunis, had become a great maritime island empire in the Western MediterraneanCarthaginian power. Early 3rd century BC. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida. After Tyre had been conquered by do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Struggle-for-the Neo-Babylonian Empire in peninsular-domain.-Consolidation-of-the 6^th -Carthaginian-power-(early-3rd-century -BC, Carthage´s influence began to grow, eventually dominating )_2014_map_16775_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Struggle-for-the region-peninsular-domain. Over time, on -Consolidation-of-the coasts and Balearic Islands, -Carthaginian-power-(early-3rd-century-BC)_2014_map_16775_eng.zip Data].]][[File:Spain_Struggle-for-the Carthaginians replaced -peninsular-domain.-Decline-of-the Phoenicians who had periodically disembarked on -Carthaginian-power-(late-3rd-century-BC)_2014_map_16776_eng.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Map: Struggle for the Iberian Peninsula to work in factories and storehouses since peninsular domain. Decline of the 9<sup>th<Carthaginian power. Late 3rd century BC. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/sup> and 8<sup>th<CentroDescargas/sup> centuries BCbusquedaRedirigida. Greek explorers from Phocaea and do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Struggle-for-the enclave -peninsular-domain.-Decline-of Massilia -the-Carthaginian-power-(Marseillelate-3rd-century-BC) also arrived, and according to older historical sources, established a number of colonies; however, further studies of some _2014_map_16776_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Struggle-for-the-peninsular-domain.-Decline-of -the remains in these areas suggest they belonged to Greeks who were only there engaging in trade with the earlier Phoenician enclaves-Carthaginian-power-(late-3rd-century-BC)_2014_map_16776_eng.zip Data]. ]]</div>

From this new perspective, the Ancient Age on the Iberian Peninsula is thought to have begun during the Iron Age II, although the last two millennia BC appear to be more typical of the Neolithic period, which was characterised by the use of metallurgy, and therefore cannot be dated to Prehistory with total certainty. Nevertheless, it is much more complicated to define the ending of the Ancient Age. According to some scholars, it concluded with the rise of the Visigoths in the 6^th century, while others contend that it was the Moorish invasion (in the Battle of Guadalete) in the year 711 (three centuries later) that marked its ending. Additionally, these theories raise the question of whether the reign of the Visogoths can be referred to as the first Spanish nation-state. If so concluded, the Middles Ages would only have been a period of re-conquest (''la Reconquista''). Or perhaps, this three-century-long period was merely a continuation of Roman rule (Antiquity). There is a longstanding historiographical debate about whether the origin and essence of Spain begin with ''Hispania'', or if Spain is something much more recent, as far as the 19^th century. In any case, as previously mentioned, belief in one historical theory does not preclude consideration of other differing theories.<br>One thing we know for certain is that at the end of the Iron Age, the Iberian Peninsula was in the throes of war for the first time. This violent reality marked the dawning of the Ancient Age on the Peninsula and the transition to the historical era. The ending of the Ancient Age is widely taken to have occurred sometime between the 5^th and 8^th centuries AD. These three centuries, spanning from the end of Antiquity to the beginning of the Middle Ages, have been termed ''The Transition to the Middle Ages''. By this time, a definition of the Iberian Peninsula was taken into account as a unified territory, already medieval in nature, with its own borders and institutions. Its development paralleled the rise of the Republic of Venice, the expansion of the Franks with its epicentre in Paris, the shift from Latin to Greek in the Eastern Roman Empire, and the appearance and spread of Islam from Anatolia to Gibraltar, ending at the “mare nostrum”.<br>In the initial years of the Ancient Age on the Peninsula, Carthage, an ancient Phoenician colony of Tyre, near modern day Tunis, had become a great maritime island empire in the Western Mediterranean. After Tyre had been conquered by the Neo-Babylonian Empire in the 6^th century BC, Carthage´s influence began to grow, eventually dominating the region. Over time, on the Peninsular coasts and Balearic Islands, the Carthaginians replaced the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ihVm6O3GY4Q Phoenicians] who had periodically disembarked on the Iberian Peninsula to work in factories and storehouses since the 9^th and 8^th centuries BC. Greek explorers from Phocaea and the enclave of Massilia (Marseille) also arrived, and according to older historical sources, established a number of colonies; however, further studies of some of the remains in these areas suggest they belonged to Greeks who were only there engaging in trade with the earlier Phoenician enclaves.<br>Between the 5^th and 3^rd centuries BC, the Carthaginian Empire had already consolidated its power. By the 3^rdcentury, it was embroiled in a series of conflicts with the emerging, powerful Roman Empire over the control of Sicily. In the first Punic War, the Carthaginian settlements of Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia were lost to the Romans. The Carthaginians, led by the Barca clan, were in search of a strategic base with logistical advantages on the Iberian Peninsula. In 227 BC, Carthago Nova (Cartagena) was founded.<br>Subsequently, Carthaginian General Hamilcar Barca took the indigenous peninsular tribes and mining sites under his control, either by force or by means of agreements. His successors, Hasdrubal (his son-in-law) and later, his sons, Hannibal and Hasdrubal Barca, strengthened their control over the territory, which by then stretched from Gibraltar to the Sistema Central mountain range, trying to increase their power over the region to prepare for an inevitable second confrontation with Rome. According to legend, Hamilcar made his son, just a boy at the time, profess eternal hatred towards Romans.<br>The geographical extent of Carthaginian power was restricted by a border treaty with Rome established in 226 BC, which set the Ebro River as the upper limit of their expansion to the north. It was the seventh such agreement. In 219-218 BC, Hannibal laid siege to the city of Saguntum, an ally of Rome despite its location to the south of the Ebro River. Rather than accept imminent defeat, the Saguntians preferred to commit suicide and burn the city to the ground. The news outraged the Roman Senate; the conquest of Sagunto was considered a ''casus belli''.<br>Hannibal advanced further, commanding his forces across the Ebro River towards Italy on a famed expedition through the Pyrenees and Alps with his forty legendary war elephants. The reaction of the Romans after losing four memorable battles was to undertake an organised military strategy. Meanwhile, Hannibal had reached Capua but had decided against storming the city of Rome. At one point, the supplies he had sent to his brother, Hasdrubal, in Emporium (Empúries, Girona) were ultimately cut off by Roman forces led by Gnaeus and Publius Cornelius Scipio, who had disembarked there in 218 BC. After engaging in several successive battles (Carthago Nova in 209 BC, Baecula in 208 BC, Ilipa in 206 BC, and Gades (Cádiz) in 205 BC) these Roman expeditionary forces eventually succeeded in destroying and replacing the Carthaginian Empire on the Iberian Peninsula.<br>The Ancient Age was a period characterised by conquest and Romanisation of the Iberian Peninsula. This Roman control over the Peninsula led to the widespread use of the Roman term ''Hispania'' when referring to the collective peninsular territories. Gradually, the inhabitants of Hispania adopted the politics, language, culture, way of thinking and lifestyles of the Roman empire.

Subsequently{{ANETextoDestacado|titulo=The formation of Roman Hispania|contenido=Romanisation on the Iberian Peninsula was a slow, Carthaginian General Hamilcar Barca gradual process by which Rome progressively brought the territories of Hispania under its rule. This movement had taken hold starting in the year 218 BC and endured until the end of the 1^st century BC, when the diverse peninsular communities had been fully integrated into a single unified territory with a common economy, language and culture.<br>The first Roman occupation took place along the indigenous peninsular tribes Mediterranean coast and in the Guadalquivir River Basin, with the Romans ultimately replacing the Carthaginians. The Romans restructured the territory known to the Punics as ''I-span-ya'' (roughly meaning “the land of metals”), dividing it into two provinces: the ''Hispania Citerior'' and ''Hispania Ulterior'' (197 BC).<br>Expansion into the interior of the Peninsula incited resistance from the various communities, two of which were significant: the wars with the Lusitanians and the Celtiberians. In the former, Lusitanian General [https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/5898/viriato#:~:text=Caudillo%20lusitano%20y%20estratega%20militar,hispana%20contra%20la%20conquista%20romana. Viriathus] was triumphant in several battles until he was betrayed and mining sites under his controlassassinated in 139 BC. In the latter, the Celtiberian city of [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I3z_SZbw1_4 Numantia] was at the centre of several battles, the last one being a long, hard-fought conflict with the forces of Publius Cornelius Scipio Amelianus. The Numantinos ended up burning the city before ultimately surrendering in 133 BC.<br>Over time, either by force or by means Hispania gradually assimilated the culture of agreementsthe Roman Republic. His successorsIn this territory, Hasdrubal civil wars were waged between Mario and Sila. A Sila's enemy named Sertorius (his sonwhom the romantic historiography of Spain called the first king of Spain), defied the Romans and became a semi-independent ruler of Hispania until he was assassinated in 72 BC. Sertorius created the Senate of Evora, a school in-lawOsca (Huesca) for the children of native nobility, and laterhis own army. Also, in Hispania, the civil wars between Julius Caesar and Pompey (48 and 49 BC) were raging. Pompey was eventually defeated in the battles of Ilerda (Lleida) as well as his sonsin the battles of Munda.<br>Thirty years later, Hannibal the Cantabrian Wars broke out (26-19 BC), initiated by Augustus, the first Roman emperor, with the objective of defeating the Galicians, Asturians and Hasdrubal BarcaCantabrians. A year before, strengthened their control over he had reorganised the territoryPeninsula into three provinces: ''Tarraconensis, which by Lusitania'' and ''Baetica''. Hispania was then stretched from Gibraltar to completely under the Sistema Central mountain rangenew Roman rule, trying to increase their power over the region to prepare for officially converting into an inevitable second confrontation with Romeempire. According to legendBy this time, Hamilcar made his sonits inhabitants had forgotten their old, just native traditions and customs and had developed a boy at the time, profess eternal hatred towards well-formulated idea of their identity as Hispano-Romans.}}

<div><ul style="text-align: center"> <li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align:top">[[File:Spain_Roman-Hispania.-The geographical extent -start-of Carthaginian power was restricted by a border treaty with Rome established in 226 -the-conquest-(since-218-BC, which set the Ebro River as the upper limit )_2014_map_14006_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Roman Hispania. The start of their expansion to the northconquest. Since 218 BC. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Roman-Hispania. It was -The-start-of-the seventh such agreement. In 219-conquest-(since-218 -BC, Hannibal laid siege to the city )_2014_map_14006_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Roman-Hispania.-The-start-of Saguntum, an ally of Rome despite its location to -the south of the Ebro River-conquest-(since-218-BC)_2014_map_14006_eng.zip Data].]]</li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align:top">[[File:Spain_Roman-Hispania. Rather than accept imminent defeat, the Saguntians preferred to commit suicide -Celtiberian-and burn the city to the ground-Lusitanian-wars-(155--133-BC)_2014_map_14007_eng. The news outraged the jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Roman SenateHispania. Celtiberian and Lusitanian wars. 155-133 BC. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Roman-Hispania.-Celtiberian-and-Lusitanian-wars-(155--133-BC)_2014_map_14007_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Roman-Hispania.-Celtiberian-and-Lusitanian-wars-(155--133-BC)_2014_map_14007_eng.zip Data].]]</li><li style="display: inline-block; the conquest of Sagunto was considered a ''casus belli''vertical-align:top">[[File:Spain_Roman-Hispania.-Cantabrian-Wars-(circa-30-BC)_2014_map_13986_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Roman Hispania. Cantabrian Wars. Circa 30 BC. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Roman-Hispania.-Cantabrian-Wars-(circa-30-BC)_2014_map_13986_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Roman-Hispania.-Cantabrian-Wars-(circa-30-BC)_2014_map_13986_eng.zip Data].]]</li></ul></div>

Hannibal advanced further, commanding his forces across The construction of [https://www.rtve.es/television/20220105/ingenieria-romana-carreteras/2069341.shtml Roman roads] uniting the Ebro River towards Italy on now very Romanised 150 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Nvl55laqLA&list=ULNSZ4I0USJ8k&index=5100 cities] in Hispania facilitated a famed expedition rapid distribution of raw materials and merchandise. The development of highly-advanced technology enabled them to go through mountains and [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H0FZSmqcM-U rivers] as well as the Pyrenees construction of [https://chitiya.wordpress.com/2017/05/17/los-acueductos-romanos/ queducts], civic centres, sports complexes, institutional buildings and Alps with his forty legendary war elephantsrecreational spaces. The reaction road system ran north-south with two major thoroughfares: ''Vía de la Plata'', from sea to sea, and ''Vía Augusta'', extending all the way to the city of the Romans after losing four memorable battles was Rome. These two roads were linked in turn from east to undertake an organised military strategywest by two parallel roads originating in Asturica Augusta and Italica. MeanwhileAnd lastly, Hannibal had reached Capua but had decided against storming there was a diagonal causeway joining Emerita Augusta with Cesaraugusta.<br>Navigating the coastline along the city extension of the ''Mare Nostrum'' and up to Romewas faster and cheaper than travelling by land. At one pointTransport ships enabled the crossing of rivers such as the Guadalquivir to reach Corduba, the supplies he had sent Guadiana to his brother, Hasdrubalreach Emerita Augusta, and the Ebro to arrive in Emporium the cities of Cesaraugusta (Empúries, Gironawhere the port is visible) were ultimately cut off by Roman forces led by Cneo and Publius Cornelius ScipioCalagurris.<br>Production on the Peninsula at this time was primarily based on agriculture, who had disembarked there in 218 BClivestock and mining. After engaging in several successive battles (Carthago Nova in 209 BCCultivation of the Mediterranean dietary trilogy of wheat, Baecula olives and wine as well as the herds of horses and flocks of sheep were the basis of wealth in 208 BCHispania. While the successful exportation of wine, Ilipa in 206 BCoil, wool and Gades ''garum'' (Cádiz) a unique seasoned sauce produced in 205 BCthe southwest) these brought prosperity to prominent Hispano-Roman expeditionary forces eventually succeeded families, the mining of metals was an even more lucrative enterprise. There were numerous mining settlements and drilling was commonplace. Sophisticated extraction techniques such as the ''ruina montium'' were used. This technique involved the digging of cavities in destroying mountains, which when filled with water, fragmented the rock walls. Though inadvertent, this technique produced spectacular landscapes like [https://www.facebook.com/guiasviajar/videos/c%C3%B3mo-se-formaron-las-m%C3%A9dulas-en-el-bierzo-de-le%C3%B3n/283727686286376/ Las Médulas]. Mining also greatly increased the wealth of the Roman State, both from its own mining operations or by collecting money from private mining companies financed by aristocratic capital.<br>The strong economic growth of Hispania and replacing its integration into the Carthaginian Roman Empire on afforded the wealthy Hispano-Roman clans the privilege of obtaining Roman citizenship. Three centuries later, in 212, the Edict of Caracalla granted citizenship to all inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula.<br>In the rural areas, a rich, ancestral palace of a noble man was called a [https://www.villaromanalaolmeda.com/recursos/documental villa]; the same name was indistinctively given to a nobleman's agricultural exploitation of his land and his peasants' small villages, which included their bakeries, blacksmith's, carpenter's, mills and ponds. The aristocratic land owners retreated to these villas during the crises of the 2^nd and 3^rd centuries, periods which brought economic insecurity and in effect, misery. Rural life guaranteed a level of subsistence that the cities could no longer provide.<br>Facing the crisis of the 3^rd century, Diocletian (284-305) carried out an administrative, military and economic restructuring of the Roman Empire. The three provinces of Hispania were divided into five regions: ''Tarraconensis, Cartaginensis, Baetica, Lusitania'' and ''Gallaecia''. However, economic reform brought poverty. Slaves, who were very costly, were emancipated and inevitably became peasants, servants, manual labourers, and even, personal bodyguards for the lords and their possessions. The development of this system of multiple autonomous regions with a central governing power (which also protected life against hunger or thieves), forebode the manorial system of feudalism.<br>

The Ancient Age was a period characterised by conquest <div><ul style="text-align: center"> <li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align:top">[[File:Spain_Cities--productive-units-and Romanisation -communications-in-Roman-Hispania_2014_map_17061_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Cities, productive units and communications in Roman Hispania. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Cities--productive-units-and-communications-in-Roman-Hispania_2014_map_17061_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Cities--productive-units-and-communications-in-Roman-Hispania_2014_map_17061_eng.zip Data].]]</li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align:top">[[File:Spain_Christian-presence-(2th--4th-centuries)_0100-0400_map_16774_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Christian presence (2th-4th centuries). 100-400. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Christian-presence-(2th--4th-centuries)_0100-0400_map_16774_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Christian-presence-(2th--4th-centuries)_0100-0400_map_16774_eng.zip Data].]]</li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align:top">[[File:Spain_Ruralisation-of -the Iberian Peninsula-Roman-society. This -Roman control over the Peninsula led to the widespread use -villas-and-Diocletian’s-administrative-organisation_2014_map_13987_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Ruralisation of the Roman term Hispania when referring to the collective peninsular territoriessociety. Roman villas and Diocletian’s administrative organisation. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida. Gradually, the inhabitants do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Ruralisation-of Hispania adopted -the politics, language, culture, way of thinking -Roman-society.-Roman-villas-and lifestyles -Diocletian’s-administrative-organisation_2014_map_13987_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Ruralisation-of -the -Roman-society.-Roman empire-villas-and-Diocletian’s-administrative-organisation_2014_map_13987_eng.zip Data].]]</li></ul></div>

The construction of Roman roads uniting the now very Romanised 150 cities in Hispania facilitated a rapid distribution of raw materials and merchandise. The development of highly-advanced technology enabled them to go through mountains and rivers as well as the construction of aqueducts{{ANEAutoria|Autores= María Sánchez Agustí, civic centresJosé Antonio Álvarez Castrillón, sports complexes, institutional buildings and recreational spaces. The road system ran north-south with two major thoroughfares: Vía Mercedes de la PlataCalle Carracedo, Daniel Galván Desvaux, Joaquín García Andrés, from sea to seaIsidoro González Gallego, and Vía AugustaMontserrat León Guerrero, extending all the way to the city of Rome. These two roads were linked in turn from east to west by two parallel roads originating in Asturica Augusta and Italica. And lastlyEsther López Torres, there was a diagonal causeway joining Emerita Augusta with Cesaraugusta.Carlos Lozano Ruiz, Ignacio Martín Jiménez, Rosendo Martínez Rodríguez, Rafael de Miguel González}}

Navigating the coastline along the extension of the Mare Nostrum and up {{ANETextoEpigrafe|epigrafe=The transition to Rome was faster and cheaper than travelling by land. Transport ships enabled the crossing of rivers such as the Guadalquivir to reach Corduba (Córdoba), the Guadiana to reach Emerita Augusta, and the Ebro to arrive in the cities of Cesaraugusta (where the port is visible) and Calagurris.Middle Ages}}

Production on Rural Hispania aided the successive arrival of Barbarian tribes to the Iberian Peninsula at this time was primarily based on agriculture, livestock and miningthroughout the 5^th century. Cultivation They came by virtue of agreements or ''foedus'' (the Mediterranean dietary trilogy root of wheat, olives and wine as well as the herds of horses and flocks of sheep were word feudal) negotiated with the basis remote imperial power of wealth Rome, in Hispaniaturn, felt obligated to show them some level of ''hospitalitas''. While the successful exportation of wineThey had not come to wage war, so upon their arrival, only some cities, oilrun by their bishops, wool and garum (a unique seasoned sauce produced in the southwest) brought prosperity closed its doors to prominent Hispano-Roman familiesthem. Moreover, the mining of metals was an even more lucrative enterprise. There they were numerous mining settlements and drilling was commonplace. Sophisticated extraction techniques such as the ruina montium were used. This technique involved rarely met with hostility, except on the digging of cavities in mountains, which occasions when filled some group joined together with water, fragmented the rock wallsgangs of ''Bagaudae'' (organised thieves). Though inadvertentIn any case, this technique produced spectacular landscapes like Las Médulas. Mining also greatly increased Barbarian presence on the wealth Iberian Peninsula went virtually unnoticed in a population of the Roman State, both from its own mining operations or by collecting money from private mining companies financed by aristocratic capitalperhaps four million people. <br>

The strong economic growth [[File:Spain_Constitution-of-the-Visigothic-state.-Germanic-invasions_0286-0454_map_13988_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Constitution of the Visigothic state. Germanic invasions. 286-454. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Constitution-of Hispania and its integration into -the Roman Empire afforded -Visigothic-state.-Germanic-invasions_0286-0454_map_13988_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Constitution-of-the-Visigothic-state.-Germanic-invasions_0286-0454_map_13988_eng.zip Data].]][[File:Spain_Constitution-of-the wealthy Hispano-Roman clans Visigothic-state.-Unification-of-Leovigilds-Kingdom_0286-0624_map_13989_eng.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Map: Constitution of the privilege Visigothic state. Unification of obtaining Roman citizenshipLeovigilds Kingdom. 286-624. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida. Three centuries later, in 212, do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Constitution-of-the Edict -Visigothic-state.-Unification-of Caracalla granted citizenship to all inhabitants -Leovigilds-Kingdom_0286-0624_map_13989_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Constitution-of -the Iberian Peninsula-Visigothic-state.-Unification-of-Leovigilds-Kingdom_0286-0624_map_13989_eng.zip Data].]]

In The Suevi arrived around 409, the rural areasVandals, a richaround 411 and the Alans about 418. After intermingling with the Hispano-Romans, ancestral palace the Suevi were the only group of a noble man was called a villa; people during the same name was indistinctively given 5^th and 6^th centuries able to establish their own state. The first Visigoths arrived on the Iberian Peninsula between the years 414 and 417. As allies of the Roman Empire and in exchange for this loyalty, they were awarded a nobleman's agricultural exploitation giant swath of his land and his peasants' small villagesspanning from the Loire to the Ebro rivers. In this region, which included they went on to establish their bakeriescapital city, blacksmith'sToulouse. The Visigoths contributed to the victory of the Orleans Battle against the Huns in 451 and founded the first court of law in Barcelona. They expelled the Alans and Hasdingi Vandals from the Iberian Peninsula. A second wave of immigrants arrived in Hispania between 466 and 484. When the Franks defeated the Visigoths in the Battle of Vouille in 507, carpenter'sthey settled south of the Pyrenees and Toledo became their new royal seat, mills and pondscirca 540. The aristocratic land owners retreated to these villas during <br>Over the crises course of the 26^ndth century, Hispania gradually ceased to be Hispano-Roman and 3by the 7^rdth centuriescentury, started to become Hispano-Germanic. With King [https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/11996/leovigildo Leovigild] at the helm (568-586) the Visigoths united the territory and attacked the villages in the north (573-581) as well as the Suevi (585) and the Byzantines, who had arrived on the Peninsula during the territorial expansion led by Emperor Justinian. Recared (586-601), Leovigild's successor, renounced Arianism, the official Visigoth religion and accepted the Nicene Creed, periods which brought economic insecurity as did the Hispano-Romans. King Suintila (621-631) expelled the last of the Byzantines and it is posited that King Recceswinth may have been the leader who in 654 unified the Germanic and Latin laws to create the Visogothic law code ''Liber iudiciorum''. This legal system was in effectin the Hispanic kingdoms throughout the High Middle Ages. The institutional structure of the Visigothic Kingdom included legislative assemblies (the ''concilios'') where nobles and clergymen took decisions, miserygreat halls in an imperial or royal palace ([https://www.lavanguardia.com/historiayvida/edad-media/20200704/482050898650/tesoro-guarrazar-visigodos-toledo-museo-cluny-reconquista-arqueologia-man. Rural life guaranteed html#foto-1 aula regia] or ''cincilium regis''), a level Royal household imitating the Roman Imperial Model (''officium palatinum''), borders, an army, and a currency. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RwtZqfJwV9I Saint Isidore] recognised in his ''Laus Hispaniae'' that: "You are, oh Hispania, sacred mother... the most beautiful of all lands... from the West to India... You are the honour and ornament of the world, the most illustrious... And therefore... golden Rome loves you and... the nation of subsistence that the cities could no longer provideGoths... it now rejoices in you... with security and happiness".<br>

Facing the crisis of the 3^rd century{{ANEAutoria|Autores= María Sánchez Agustí, Diocletian (284-305) carried out an administrativeJosé Antonio Álvarez Castrillón, military and economic restructuring of the Roman Empire. The three provinces of Hispania were divided into five regions: TarraconensisMercedes de la Calle Carracedo, CartaginensisDaniel Galván Desvaux, BaeticaJoaquín García Andrés, Lusitania and Gallaecia. HoweverIsidoro González Gallego, economic reform brought poverty. SlavesMontserrat León Guerrero, who were very costlyEsther López Torres, were emancipated and inevitably became peasantsCarlos Lozano Ruiz, servantsIgnacio Martín Jiménez, manual labourersRosendo Martínez Rodríguez, and even, personal bodyguards for the lords and their possessions. The development of this system of multiple autonomous regions with a central governing power (which also protected life against hunger or thieves), forebode the manorial system of feudalism. Rafael de Miguel González}}

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