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{{ANEEtiqueta
|palabrasclave= Carthaginians in the Iberian Peninsula, Romans, Romanisation, Roman occupation, Celtiberian wars, Cantabrian wars, Roman cities, Christianity in Roman Hispania, productive centres in Roman Hispania, Roman villas, administrative organisation of Roman Hispania, Hispania ulterior, Hispania citerior, Lusitania, Baetica, Tarraconensis, Cartaginenesis, Gallaecia, Roman roads, Roman roads|descripcion= Cartographic presentation The so-called Ancient Age was considered to have begun in the East with the appearance of prehistory, includingwriting some 5, among others000 years ago, sites on and in the Iberian Peninsuladuring the second Iron Age, throughout the 3rd century BC.|url=valorhttp://nationalatlas.ign.es/images/thumb/c/c9/Spain_Constitution-of-the-Visigothic-state.-Germanic-invasions_0286-0454_map_13988_eng.jpg/198px-Spain_Constitution-of-the-Visigothic-state.-Germanic-invasions_0286-0454_map_13988_eng.jpg
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Until relatively recently, the Ancient Age was widely considered to have begun in the Orient with the advent of writing, roughly 5,000 years ago. Today, other factors are also taken into account when situating this period in the timeline of history, such as the way societies were organised, diversification with respect to production and consumption, transport systems, and lastly, the appearance of more advanced civilisations that have gone down in history or, in other words, have persisted in our collective memory.<br>
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[[File:Spain_Struggle-for-the-peninsular-domain.-Consolidation-of-the-Carthaginian-power-(early-3rd-century-BC)_2014_map_16775_eng.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Map: Struggle for the peninsular domain. Consolidation of the Carthaginian power (early . Early 3rd century BC). Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Struggle-for-the-peninsular-domain.-Consolidation-of-the-Carthaginian-power-(early-3rd-century-BC)_2014_map_16775_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Struggle-for-the-peninsular-domain.-Consolidation-of-the-Carthaginian-power-(early-3rd-century-BC)_2014_map_16775_eng.zip Data].]][[File:Spain_Struggle-for-the-peninsular-domain.-Decline-of-the-Carthaginian-power-(late-3rd-century-BC)_2014_map_16776_eng.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Map: Struggle for the peninsular domain. Decline of the Carthaginian power (late . Late 3rd century BC). Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Struggle-for-the-peninsular-domain.-Decline-of-the-Carthaginian-power-(late-3rd-century-BC)_2014_map_16776_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Struggle-for-the-peninsular-domain.-Decline-of-the-Carthaginian-power-(late-3rd-century-BC)_2014_map_16776_eng.zip Data].]]
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Romanisation on the Iberian Peninsula was a slow, gradual process by which Rome progressively brought the territories of Hispania under its rule. This movement had taken hold starting in the year 218 BC and endured until the end of the 1<sup>st</sup> century BC, when the diverse peninsular communities had been fully integrated into a single unified territory with a common economy, language and culture.<br>
The first Roman occupation took place along the Mediterranean coast and in the Guadalquivir River Basin, with the Romans ultimately replacing the Carthaginians. The Romans restructured the territory known to the Punics as ''I-span-ya'' (roughly meaning “the land of metals”), dividing it into two provinces: the ''Hispania Citerior'' and ''Hispania Ulterior'' (197 BC).<br>
Expansion into the interior of the Peninsula incited resistance from the various communities, two of which were significant: the wars with the Lusitanians and the Celtiberians. In the former, Lusitanian General [https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/5898/viriato#:~:text=Caudillo%20lusitano%20y%20estratega%20militar,hispana%20contra%20la%20conquista%20romana. Viriathus] was triumphant in several battles until he was betrayed and assassinated in 139 BC. In the latter, the Celtiberian city of [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I3z_SZbw1_4 Numantia] was at the centre of several battles, the last one being a long, hard-fought conflict with the forces of Publius Cornelius ScipioAmelianus. The Numantinos ended up burning the city before ultimately surrendering in 133 BC.<br>
Over time, Hispania gradually assimilated the culture of the Roman Republic. In this territory, civil wars were waged between Mario and Sila. A Sila's enemy named Sertorius (whom the romantic historiography of Spain called the first king of Spain), defied the Romans and became a semi-independent ruler of Hispania until he was assassinated in 72 BC. Sertorius created the Senate of Evora, a school in Osca (Huesca) for the children of native nobility, and his own army. Also, in Hispania, the civil wars between Julius Caesar and Pompey (48 and 49 BC) were raging. Pompey was eventually defeated in the battles of Ilerda (Lleida) as well as his sons in the battles of Munda.<br>
Thirty years later, the Cantabrian Wars broke out (26-19 BC), initiated by Augustus, the first Roman emperor, with the objective of defeating the Galicians, Asturians and Cantabrians. A year before, he had reorganised the Peninsula into three provinces: ''Tarraconensis, Lusitania'' and ''Baetica''. Hispania was then completely under the new Roman rule, officially converting into an empire. By this time, its inhabitants had forgotten their old, native traditions and customs and had developed a well-formulated idea of their identity as Hispano-Romans.
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[[File:Spain_Roman-Hispania.-The-start-of-the-conquest-(since-218-BC)_2014_map_14006_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Roman Hispania. The start of the conquest (since . Since 218 BC). Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Roman-Hispania.-The-start-of-the-conquest-(since-218-BC)_2014_map_14006_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Roman-Hispania.-The-start-of-the-conquest-(since-218-BC)_2014_map_14006_eng.zip Data].]]
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[[File:Spain_Roman-Hispania.-Celtiberian-and-Lusitanian-wars-(155--133-BC)_2014_map_14007_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Roman Hispania. Celtiberian and Lusitanian wars (. 155-133 BC). Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Roman-Hispania.-Celtiberian-and-Lusitanian-wars-(155--133-BC)_2014_map_14007_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Roman-Hispania.-Celtiberian-and-Lusitanian-wars-(155--133-BC)_2014_map_14007_eng.zip Data].]]
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[[File:Spain_Roman-Hispania.-Cantabrian-Wars-(circa-30-BC)_2014_map_13986_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Roman Hispania. Cantabrian Wars (circa . Circa 30 BC). Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Roman-Hispania.-Cantabrian-Wars-(circa-30-BC)_2014_map_13986_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Roman-Hispania.-Cantabrian-Wars-(circa-30-BC)_2014_map_13986_eng.zip Data].]]
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[[File:Spain_Christian-presence-(2th--4th-centuries)_0100-0400_map_16774_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Christian presence (2th-4th centuries). 0100100-0400400. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Christian-presence-(2th--4th-centuries)_0100-0400_map_16774_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Christian-presence-(2th--4th-centuries)_0100-0400_map_16774_eng.zip Data].]]
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Rural Hispania aided the successive arrival of Barbarian tribes to the Iberian Peninsula throughout the 5<sup>th</sup> century. They came by virtue of agreements or ''foedus'' (the root of the word feudal) negotiated with the remote imperial power of Rome, in turn, felt obligated to show them some level of ''hospitalitas''. They had not come to wage war, so upon their arrival, only some cities, run by their bishops, closed its doors to them. Moreover, they were rarely met with hostility, except on the occasions when some group joined together with gangs of ''Bagaudae'' (organised thieves). In any case, this Barbarian presence on the Iberian Peninsula went virtually unnoticed in a population of perhaps four million people.<br>
[[File:EnelaboracionSpain_Constitution-of-the-Visigothic-state.-Germanic-invasions_0286-0454_map_13988_eng.jpg|left|thumb|none|300px|Map: Constitution of the Visigothic Statestate. German Germanic invasions. 286-454. Spain. <span style[//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta="color: #b20027; ">13988 [PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Constitution-of-the-Visigothic-state.-Germanic-invasions_0286-0454_map_13988_eng.pdf PDF]. [Datos//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Constitution-of-the-Visigothic-state.-Germanic-invasions_0286-0454_map_13988_eng.zip Data]. </span>]][[File:Spain_Constitution-of-the-Visigothic-state.-Unification-of-Leovigilds-Kingdom_0286-0624_map_13989_eng.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Map: Constitution of the Visigothic state. Unification of Leovigilds Kingdom. 0286286-0624624. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Constitution-of-the-Visigothic-state.-Unification-of-Leovigilds-Kingdom_0286-0624_map_13989_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Constitution-of-the-Visigothic-state.-Unification-of-Leovigilds-Kingdom_0286-0624_map_13989_eng.zip Data].]]
The Suevi arrived around 409, the Vandals, around 411 and the Alans about 418. After intermingling with the Hispano-Romans, the Suevi were the only group of people during the 5<sup>th</sup> and 6<sup>th</sup> centuries able to establish their own state. The first Visigoths arrived on the Iberian Peninsula between the years 414 and 417. As allies of the Roman Empire and in exchange for this loyalty, they were awarded a giant swath of land spanning from the Loire to the Ebro rivers. In this region, they went on to establish their capital city, Toulouse. The Visigoths contributed to the victory of the Orleans Battle against the Huns in 451 and founded the first court of law in Barcelona. They expelled the Alans and Hasdingi Vandals from the Iberian Peninsula. A second wave of immigrants arrived in Hispania between 466 and 484. When the Franks defeated the Visigoths in the Battle of Vouille in 507, they settled south of the Pyrenees and Toledo became their new royal seat, circa 540.<br>
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|url=https://www.ign.es/web/resources/docs/IGNCnig/ANE/Capitulos/06_Historicaloverview_2024.pdf
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[[Category:History]]
[[es:Edad_Antigua]]
