286
edits
Changes
no edit summary
Each one presented its own profile but in all of them, there were noblemen, ecclesiastics, civil servants, soldiers, landowners, intellectuals, liberal professionals such as doctors and journalists, as well as some merchants and artisans. In any case, people with reformist tendencies. The main interest of the societies were education, the economy, charitable work (''montes de piedad'') and the teaching of trades. They also pursued a fair knowledge of their own territory.<br>
In the university field, several reform projects failed such as those of Melchor de Macanaz, Mayans (''Idea of the new teaching methods for Spanish Universities, 1767'') or that of Pablo de Olavide. During the 18<sup>th</sup> century, historical universities coexisted with others of less relevance and newly created ones. Among the latter, it is worth mentioning the University of Cervera, founded in 1717 by Philip V to replace the rest of the universities in Catalonia, all of which were suppressed due to their support for the Habsburg pretender to the Spanish throne, against the Bourbons.<br>
Conservatism predominated in the university cloisters and ideas of criticism or progress were non-existent. For example, to be a full professor at the University of Valladolid, it was necessary to swear the defence of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception. Therefore, being impossible to use the universities as disseminators of the Enlightenment principles, the Bourbons promoted other centres for the teaching and promotion of scientific knowledge and culture. Thus, in addition, the French reality of those times was emulated. The royal academies arose, the academy of language, of [https://dbe.rah.es/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMI47-blpTI9wIVh-d3Ch2RVwVEEAAYASAAEgJZzvD_BwE history] and all kinds of institutions in the various disciplines: medicine, mathematics, mining... Natural history cabinets, astronomical observatories and [http://www.rjb.csic.es/jardinbotanico/jardin/index.php?Cab=10&len=es botanical gardens] were created.<br>
As for the ''Ecclesiastical territorial organisation'', it was said that to the north of the Sistema Central all the bishoprics depended on Santiago de Compostela, except for Oviedo and León, which even in the 18<sup>th</sup> century continued to qualify as “exempt bishoprics”, (''obispado exento'') of Burgos or Toledo, despite this being the “Primate Headquarters” since its conquest. In the south, two archdioceses predominated, Granada and Seville, both also recognised since their conquest. The latter was extremely powerful, being the head of all American episcopates.<br>
The ''cabildos'' were a very important centre of power in the cities. During the eighteenth century new bishoprics were achieved in Santander (1754), Ibiza (1782), Tudela (1783) and Minorca (1795). Calatayud, Játiva and Lorca, which also aspired to it, did not achieve their transformation from a collegiate church to an episcopal see. Many collegiate churches, however, managed to survive throughout the 18th century. The collegiate churches and their ''cabildos'' played a very notable role in many smaller towns being like second-rate cathedrals.<br>
<div style="margin:0; padding:0">
<ul style="text-align:center; float:center; margin:0; padding:0">
<li style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:top; margin:0; padding:0">
[[File:EnelaboracionSpain_Main-economic-societies-of-friends-of-the-country.-Reigns-of-Carlos-III-and-Carlos-IV_1750-1808_map_15832_eng.jpg|center|thumb|300px|Map: Main economic societies of friends of the country. Reigns of Charles Carlos III and Charles Carlos IV. 1750-1808. Spain. [XXX //centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Main-economic-societies-of-friends-of-the-country.-Reigns-of-Carlos-III-and-Carlos-IV_1750-1808_map_15832_eng.pdf PDF]. [XXX Datos]//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Main-economic-societies-of-friends-of-the-country.-Reigns-of-Carlos-III-and-Carlos-IV_1750-1808_map_15832_eng. [XXX Interactivozip Data].]]
</li>
<li style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:top; margin:0; padding:0">
[[File:EnelaboracionSpain_Universities--academies-and-other-educational--scientific-and-cultural-institutions-in-the-18th-century_1700-1799_map_15867_eng.jpg|center|thumb|300px|Map: Universities, academies and other educational, scientific and cultural institutions 18<sup>th</sup> in the 18th century. 1700-1799. Spain. [XXX //centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Universities--academies-and-other-educational--scientific-and-cultural-institutions-in-the-18th-century_1700-1799_map_15867_eng.pdf PDF]. [XXX Datos]//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Universities--academies-and-other-educational--scientific-and-cultural-institutions-in-the-18th-century_1700-1799_map_15867_eng. [XXX Interactivozip Data].]]
</li>
<li style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:top; margin:0; padding:0">
[[File:EnelaboracionSpain_Ecclesiastical-territorial-organization-in-the-18th-century_1700-1799_map_15870_eng.jpg|center|thumb|300px|Map: Ecclesiastical territorial organisation organization in the 18<sup>th</sup> 18th century. 1700-1799. Spain. [XXX //centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Ecclesiastical-territorial-organization-in-the-18th-century_1700-1799_map_15870_eng.pdf PDF]. [XXX Datos]//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Ecclesiastical-territorial-organization-in-the-18th-century_1700-1799_map_15870_eng. [XXX Interactivozip Data].]]
</li>
</ul>
</div>
{{ANEAutoria
|Autores=XXX}} {{ANESubirArriba}} {{ANEBibliografia|Texto=XXXMaría Sánchez Agustí, José Antonio Álvarez Castrillón, Mercedes de la Calle Carracedo, Daniel Galván Desvaux, Joaquín García Andrés, Isidoro González Gallego, Montserrat León Guerrero, Esther López Torres, Carlos Lozano Ruiz, Ignacio Martín Jiménez, Rosendo Martínez Rodríguez, Rafael de Miguel González.
}}
|url=
}}
{{ANEPaginaDescargas}}
