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|palabrasclave=Catholic kings, Crown of Castile, Crown of Aragon, Treaty of Tordesillas, Treaty of Saragossa, discovery of America, Columbus, explorations of America, first voyage around the world, Magellan, Juan Sebastián Elcano, Habsburgs, Charles I, Communards, Philip II Germanies, incorporation of Portugal, uprising of the Alpujarras, 16th century uprising of Aragon, Erasmism, Lutheranism, Enlightenment, mesta, military orders, mining in the modern age, trade in the modern age, administration of royal justice, chancilleries, audiencias, Philip III, expulsion of the Moors, agriculture in the modern age, manufacturing in the modern age, plague epidemics, Philip IV, independence of Portugal, rebellion of Catalonia, War of the Reapers, Charles II, War of the Spanish Succession, Cortes of Castile, Cortes of Aragon, Bourbon Enlightenment, Bourbons, Philip V, royal factories, royal sites, new town planning, riot of Esquilache, expulsion of the Jesuits, Charles III, roads, canals and ports in the 18th century, viceroyalty, audiences, intendancies, Bourbon administrative organisation, captaincies general, maritime departments, provincial intendancies, economic societies of friends of the country, Charles IV, 18th-century cultural institutions, creation of universities, royal academies, ecclesiastical organisation in the 18th century
|descripcion=The Modern Age began in the Peninsula during the joint reign of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon (1469-1504/1516) and ended with the War of Independence (1808-1814).
|url=http://nationalatlas.ign.es/images/thumb/1/15/World_First-round-the-world_1515-1522_map_16782_eng.jpg/220px-World_First-round-the-world_1515-1522_map_16782_eng.jpg
}}
With Philip II, Spanish hegemony oscillated between war successes –San Quintín (1557) or [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Lepanto#/media/Archivo:Plan_of_the_Battle_of_Lepanto.png Lepanto] battles (1571)– and failures, such as that of the Spanish Armada (''Armada Invencible'', 1588), or the resistance to accept his rule in the Netherlands (the “United Provinces” of the north). On the Peninsula, his unitary political conception pushed him to dictate intergrative provisions in clothing, customs and religion for the Moriscos (many lived in Granada and even in Aragon and Valencia). This caused a great uprising, the rebellion of the Alpujarras that, once defeated, led to the dispersion of the Moriscos of Granada. Ten years later, the mythical King Sebastian of Portugal died childless in the battle of Alcazarquivir. Philip II, supported by powerful Lusitanian nobles, was recognised King of Portugal as Philip I. He lived in Lisbon for two years, where he organised a court and planned to make the River Tagus navigable to Toledo. After another ten years (in a secret episode of betrayal, envy and love, with the involvement of the [http://aache.com/princesa-de-eboli/ princess of Éboli] and the king himself), Antonio Pérez, the royal secretary, orders the assassination of Juan de Escobedo, secretary of Don Juan de Austria. Antonio Pérez fled and took refuge under the protection of a foral institution: the Justicia Mayor de Aragón. It was in 1591, when [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Justicia_Aragon_Monumento_1.JPG Don Pedro Lanuza], supported by the people of Saragossa, refused to hand him over to the King’s Justice. However, a royal army took Saragossa, Don Pedro was executed and strong cuts of the Aragonese ''fueros'' (privileges) were dictated, which increased the unitary policy.<br>
The brilliant Spanish hegemony was kept on credit. Philip II had to declare bankruptcy three times, despite the high tax pressure in Castile and the constant incomes of precious metals from America and from Spain itself, because the middle years of the 16<sup>th</sup> century are known as ''the prodigious decade of Spanish mining''. The Crown owned all of the mines, and between 1550 and 1570, the silver production of the Guadalcanal mine (Seville) surpassed the one of Potosí. There was a formidable development of mining engineering, administration and techniques in Spain and America, and in 1624, + the Board of Mines (''Junta de minas'') was created. No amount seemed to suffice; the Genoese (Centurione or Spínola) and German (Fugger or Welser) banks lent money guaranteed by the mines, then by the taxes on wool and, always, by the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IIHAeMjmuLM gold] and silver of America. Their agents were controlling income in Seville and Cádiz (trade with America), at the Medina fairs (wool trade), in the Cantabrian export ports and at the consulates of Seville and Bilbao. They were contracted on behalf of the Spanish and were also in charge of the thousands of payments (soldiers, imports, maintenance of the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ode08z4Qjk Spanish road] from Milan to Flanders, etc.). The very high imports always kept a deficit balance of trade, but there were many Spanish industries as well, such as the cloth one in Segovia, the Basque ironworks, cutlery in Albacete, and the Toledo swords. Mining declined in the 17<sup>th</sup> century, although in the 18<sup>th</sup> century there was an evident recovery, due to copper from Riotinto and mercury from Almadén.<br>
During the 16<sup>th</sup> and 17<sup>th</sup> centuries, the Spanish Administration was of utmost efficiency, accounting precision, information speed, and support for specifically Spanish sciences, such as the nautical or botanical sciences. Justice had two supreme courts (the ''chancillerías''), royal territorial audiences, and ''corregimientos'' in each city (the ''corregidor'' was the highest municipal and judicial authority) with very important institutions such as the ''veedores'' (overseers for inspection visits) and the ''juicios de residencia'' (very important in the Indies), to which all authorities, including viceroys, had to submit after leaving office. However, some ancient figures survived, such as the ''adelantamientos'' (a military title for “a forward man”), used for a long time in the Indies, not to mention that various sectors had their own jurisdictions (universities, army, professional associations, etc.).
