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{{ANEEtiqueta|palabrasclave=pandemia, covid19, companies using furlough schemes, furlough schemes, employment contracts during the pandemic, home office during the pandemic, workers affiliated to the Social Security System during the first wave of the pandemic, unemployment, beneficiaries of unemployment, households with all active members are unemployment, households income, national Minimum Subsistence Income |descripcion=Analysis of the labour market through statistical maps and graphs from the National Atlas of Spain.|url=valor}}{{ANEObra|Serie=Monographs from the National Atlas of Spain|Logo=[[File:Logo_Monografía.jpg|left|50x50px|link=]]|Título=The COVID-19 pandemic in Spain|Subtítulo=First wave: from the first cases to the end of June 2020|Año=2021|Contenido=New content}}
{{ANENavegacionCapitulo (monografía COVID-19)|estructura=[[Estructura temática (monografía COVID-19)|Estructura temática]]|seccion=[[Social,_economic_and_environmental_effects|Social, economic and environmental effects]]|capitulo=Labour market}}
{{ANENavegacionHermanos |anterior=[[Economic_indicators_and_productive_sectors|Economic indicators and productive sectors]] |siguiente=[[Public_finance_(COVID-19_monograph)|Public finance]] }}
[[File:Logo_Monografía.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Statistical graph: Evolution in the amount of workers affiliated to the Social Security Systemsystem. 2019-2020. Spain.]]
Assessing the labour market becomes crucial when rating an economy, its dynamism, the social welfare and the income level of the population. The labour market is made up of people, some of whom offer their labour in exchange for a salary that enables them to live, and some of whom demand this labour to produce the goods they sell and are willing to pay these salaries in return.
The Spanish labour market has some unique characteristics that make it highly vulnerable to any negative impact, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The relationship between supply and demand for labour suffered a major downturn in Spain in March 2020 that had a heavy impact on the behaviour of the main indicators on the labour market and utterly modified the trends seen before the setback.
The amount of workers affiliated to the Social Security system is an indicator on the capacity of the labour market to grow or reduce formal employment. The amount of affiliated workers followed the usual patterns throughout 2019, as may observed on the graph on the [[:File:Evolution in the amount of workers affiliated to the Social Security system.jpg| ''Evolution in the amount of workers affiliated to the Social Security system'']], i.e. starting from a low level in January and then steadily rising in the months leading up to the summer period, after which it remained virtually stagnant, except for slight reductions towards the end of August and December. This pattern is indicative of the seasonality of the Spanish economy and is more evident in the General Scheme of the Social Security system than in the Special Scheme for Self-Employed Workers.
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<div><ul style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 0>{{ANETextoAsociado48|titulo=EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS|contenido=[[File:Logo_Monografía.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Map: Employment contracts during the pandemic 2019-2020. Spain. ]]
The drop in the amount of workers affiliated to the Social Security system who had temporary contracts (-17.30%) was much sharper than amongst those with permanent contracts (-1.92%). However, new contracts were signed in all regions, most of them temporary, as shown on the map on [[:File:Employment Contracts during the pandemic.jpg| ''Employment Contracts during the pandemic'']]. This map depicts the amount of employment contracts -both temporary and permanent- registered in the National Public Employment Service throughout the first wave of the pandemic. The variation in the amount of new contracts signed in 2020 in relation to those signed in the same period in 2019 is shown on the choropleth. The downturn in the labour market explains why this variation was negative in all regions, although not to the same degree. New contracts fell the most in the Balearic Islands (Illes Balears) (-72.3%), followed by the Canary Islands (Canarias) and some regions in northern Spain, with a negative variation ranging from -50% to -60%. Andalusia (Andalucía), the Region of Valencia (Comunitat Valenciana), Aragón, Navarre (Navarra) and La Rioja registered slightly lower decreases, of -40% to -50%. Falls registered in Extremadura and Castile-La Mancha (Castilla-La Mancha) were around -30% to -40%. Only in the Region of Murcia (Región de Murcia) was the fall somewhat lower (-28.5%).}}
<ul style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0>{{ANETextoAsociado48|titulo=HOME OFFICE|contenido=[[File:Logo_Monografía.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Map: Home office during the pandemic. 2020. Spain. ]]
Many companies and public administrations could only continue their activity during lockdown in spring 2020 by allowing their employees to work from home. A previously scarcely used labour format became almost overnight a large-scale experiment to test the possibilities offered by this way of managing the production process. According to the Labour Force Survey, at least 20% of employees in Spain were in home office during this period.
[[File:Logo_Monografía.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Map: Registred unemployment by economic sector during the first wave of the pandemic. 2019-2020. Spain.]] Registered unemployment dropped in all regions in the period from March to June both in 2018 and 2019. The drop was less severe in Catalonia (Catalunya/Cataluña), the Region of Valencia (Comunitat Valenciana), the Region of Murcia (Región de Murcia), Andalusia (Andalucía), the Balearic Islands (Illes Balears) and the Canary Islands (Canarias). As this period comes before the summer high season for tourism, recruitment levels are positive, yet never as intense as those registered during the summer. However, the effects of the pandemic become evident when comparing these months in 2019 and 2020. Data for 2020 show a general rise in unemployment throughout Spain. The situation in the Balearic Islands (Illes Balears), where the fall in employment led to a 63% increase in registered unemployed, is particularly challenging. The closure of borders to international tourists and the state of alarm that limited mobility for domestic tourists led to a standstill of tourism, which plays a crucial role in economy in the Balearic Islands (Illes Balears).
Provincial differences in the variation in registered unemployed and in the incidence of unemployment, shown on the map on [[:File:Registered unemployment by economic sector during the first wave of the pandemic.jpg| ''Registered unemployment by economic sector during the first wave of the pandemic'']], may be attributed to two types of factors. Firstly, pandemic-related factors, in terms of restrictions on mobility and the incidence of the disease. Secondly, the production-related factors that define the economy of each province.
According to data from the Ministry of Work and Social Economy, the bulk of the monthly increase in unemployment by sector was concentrated in the service sector in absolute terms, which saw a rise of 206,000 in March 2020, 9% more than in the previous month. In relative terms, however, the rise was more significant in the industry sector (25,194 people and 9.15%) and, above all, in the construction sector (58,000 people and 22.9%). Finally, the group of people without previous employment recorded 4,984 new job seekers, increasing by 1.91%. From April to May 2020, registered unemployment decreased in the construction sector (23,717 people, -6.89%) and in the industry (262 fewer unemployed people, -0.08%). By contrast, registered unemployment rose, above all, in the service sector (40,784 more job seekers, 1.50%), in the agricultural sector (710 job seekers, 0.43%) and in the group without previous employment (9,058 people, 3.30%).
