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{{ANENavegacionHermanos |anterior=[[Labour market (COVID-19 monograph)|Labour market]] |siguiente=[[Education (COVID-19 monograph)|Education]] }}
[[File:Spain_Tax-revenue-for-the-public-treasury_2019-2020_map_18325_eng.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Map: Tax revenue for the public treasury. 2019-2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Tax-revenue-for-the-public-treasury_2019-2020_map_18325_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Tax-revenue-for-the-public-treasury_2019-2020_map_18325_eng.zip Data]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=r12810.v12810&i2=c12811.c11811&t=A03&t2=A02&view=map10 Interactive version]. ]]
[[File:Spain_Evolution-in-tax-revenue-for-the-Public-Treasury_2010-2020_statisticalgraph_18334_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Statistical graph: Evolution in tax revenue for the Public Treasury. 2010-2020. Spain.]]
The COVID-19 pandemic spotlighted the need for public action to lessen the noxious effects of social and natural events that may seriously disrupt the smooth running of societies. Public action is financed by tax revenue. Scrutinising public resources requires assessing the two basic composing elements, i.e. public revenue and public expenditure.
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[[File:Spain_Revenue-from-Value-Added-Tax-(VAT_2019-2020_map_18326_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Revenue from Value Added Tax (VAT. 2019-2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Revenue-from-Value-Added-Tax-(VAT_2019-2020_map_18326_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Revenue-from-Value-Added-Tax-(VAT_2019-2020_map_18326_eng.zip Data]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=r12813.v12813&i2=c12814.c12814&t=A03&t2=A02&view=map10 Interactive version]. ]]
[[File:Spain_Evolution-in-revenue-from-Value-Added-Tax-(VAT)_2010-2020_statisticalgraph_18335_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Statistical graph: Evolution in revenue from Value Added Tax (VAT). 2010-2020. Spain.]]
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[[File:Spain_Revenue-from-Personal-Income-Tax-(PIT)_2019-2020_map_18327_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Revenue from Personal Income Tax (PIT). 2019-2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Revenue-from-Personal-Income-Tax-(PIT)_2019-2020_map_18327_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Revenue-from-Personal-Income-Tax-(PIT)_2019-2020_map_18327_eng.zip Data]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=r12817.r12817&i2=c12816.c12816&t=A02&t2=A02&view=map10 Interactive version]. ]]
[[File:Spain_Evolution-in-revenue-from-Personal-Income-Tax-(PIT)_2010-2020_statisticalgraph_18336_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Statistical graph: Evolution in revenue from Personal Income Tax (PIT). 2010-2020. Spain.]]
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[[File:Spain_Revenue-from-Corporate-Income-Tax-(CIT)_2019-2020_map_18328_eng.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Map: Revenue from Corporate Income Tax (CIT). 2019-2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Revenue-from-Corporate-Income-Tax-(CIT)_2019-2020_map_18328_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Revenue-from-Corporate-Income-Tax-(CIT)_2019-2020_map_18328_eng.zip Data]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=r12819.r12819&i2=c12820.c12820&t=A02&t2=A02&view=map10 Interactive version]. ]]
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[[File:Spain_Public-Expenditure-of-the-National-Administration_2019-2020_map_18387_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Public Expenditure of the National Administration. 2019-2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Public-Expenditure-of-the-National-Administration_2019-2020_map_18387_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Public-Expenditure-of-the-National-Administration_2019-2020_map_18387_eng.zip Data]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=s18387.s18387&i2=c12907.c12907&t=A02&t2=A02&view=map10E Interactive version]. ]][[File:Spain_Public-expenditure-of-the-Regional-Administrations_2019-2020_map_18389_eng.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Map: Public expenditure of the Regional Administrations. 2019-2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Public-expenditure-of-the-Regional-Administrations_2019-2020_map_18389_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Public-expenditure-of-the-Regional-Administrations_2019-2020_map_18389_eng.zip Data]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=s18389.s18389&i2=c12928.c12928&t=A02&t2=A03&view=map10 Interactive version]. ]]
[[File:Spain_Evolution-in-the-public-expenditure-of-the-National-Administration_2015-2020_statisticalgraph_18388_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Statistical graph: Evolution in the public expenditure of the National Administration. 2015-2020. Spain.]]
[[File:Spain_Public-expenditure-of-the-regional-administrations-per-capita_2020_map_18390_eng.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Map: Public expenditure of the regional administrations per capita. 2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Public-expenditure-of-the-regional-administrations-per-capita_2020_map_18390_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Public-expenditure-of-the-regional-administrations-per-capita_2020_map_18390_eng.zip Data]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c12928.c12928&t=A02&view=map10 Interactive version]. ]]
[[File:Europe_Public-deficit-in-the-member-states-of-the-European-Union_2011-2020_map_18392_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Public deficit in the member states of the European Union. 2011-2020. Europe. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Europe_Public-deficit-in-the-member-states-of-the-European-Union_2011-2020_map_18392_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Europe_Public-deficit-in-the-member-states-of-the-European-Union_2011-2020_map_18392_eng.zip Data]. ]]
[[File:Spain_Cumulative-public-debt-of-the-regional-administrations_2008-2020_map_18391_eng.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Map: Cumulative public debt of the regional administrations. 2008-2020. Spain. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Cumulative-public-debt-of-the-regional-administrations_2008-2020_map_18391_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Cumulative-public-debt-of-the-regional-administrations_2008-2020_map_18391_eng.zip Data]. [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=r_159_t.valor&s=2020&t=A02&view=map10 Interactive version]. ]]
The pandemic tested the capacity of the Public Administrations (national, regional and local) to react to the effects of the crisis on the business fabric and on society in general, especially on a social level (health, education and labour market).
On the one hand, the sharp drop in economic activity forced implementing and extending direct support mechanisms, such as furloughs, which mobilised large amount of resources to cushion the impact of the pandemic on employment and on the business fabric and pave the way for a rapid recovery. On the other hand, basic public services, such as health and education, required additional funding to serve the population directly affected by the disease, roll out a mass vaccination programme, and ease non-face-to-face teaching modes and smaller student/teacher ratios.
