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Columbus returned from his voyage in March 1493 and first reported on his success to Juan II of Portugal. When he arrived in Barcelona in April, where the court was at that time, an ambassador defending Portuguese rights had preceded him.<br>

|titulo=From the route of the Moluccas to the circumnavigation of the globe

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Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese explorer familiar with Southeast Asia, who fell into disgrace (1514) at the Lisbon court, went to Seville and proposed to an assenting Charles I, to start a spice route to the west, in the opossite direction to the ''carreira da India'' of the Portuguese, through Africa and the Indian Ocean. He undertook to find the passage to the ''Southern Sea'' of Balboa, reach the Moluccas and return the same way, always within the Spanish hemisphere of the Teatry of Tordesillas. In 1519, he set sail with 5 ships and 239 crew members, including Juan Sebastián Elcano and the Italian chronicler Antonio Pigafetta, author of the ''Diary'' that chronicled the expedition. Magellan discovered the strait that bears his name, crossed the ocean, to which he gave a new name, and arrived as far north as Cebu, where he died in a skirmish with the natives.<br>

Elcano then took command, went down to the Moluccas and filled the ''Victoria'', the only ship available at the time, with rich spices. He had the brilliant intuition of not going back by the same route (the currents capsized all the ships sailing to the east) and risking going back through the Indian Ocean and Africa, facing up to the Portuguese attacks, as indeed happened. In 1522, three years later, he arrived in Seville. With him were only 18 ragged and sick but immensely rich men, who had made the first circumnavigation of the world.<br>

The second trip to the Indies had a colonising purpose. They were up to 21 ships and 2,500 pioneers: soldiers, friars, merchants, artisans, supplies, farm animals, etc. Juan de la Cosa, Ponce de León, Father Las Casas were all travelling when Columbus was sailing on his third voyage and widespread explorations of the islands and the coasts were already taking place. Balboa confirms that there is another ocean to the west. It is a new continent, with unknown flora and fauna, unimaginable cultures and fabulous empires, whose mythology predicted the arrival of mysterious gods from the sea.<br>

'''America, once linked to Spain, becomes part of the European culture'''<br>

America was the discovery of an unexpected and prodigious reality, which Spain had to tackle. The original peoples of the new continent also had to face the discovery of a “western culture” (oriental for them) in its Hispanic interpretation. For them it was, equally, an unthinkable and prodigious scenario. Both existences accepted their common challenge with the mindset and the instruments that were available at that time.<br>

The peninsular Spaniards had a very weak demographic presence and they easily settled on the poor Caribbean islands. They found highly developed social structures on the continent where they sought to accommodate. Most of those diverse [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m0zU7SFkvw0 native peoples] admitted the colonisers’ directions, in which they saw immediate advantages. Thus, ten years after Cortés entered Tenochtitlan, the Virgin (of Guadalupe) already appeared to the Chichimeca Indian Cuauhtlataotzin. Fifteen years later, the first printing press was created, and immediately the written grammar of the various native languages was drafted.<br>