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|epigrafe=Bourbon Reformism
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<p style="font-size:140%;">The Bourbon monarchy</p>
<p>In 1700, it seemed that the imposing power of the Habsburgs would be replaced by the Bourbons. That is why the War of Spanish Succession broke out throughout Europe. In 1714, with the Treaty of Utrecht, Europe ended up accepting the French King, but Spain lost all its territories on the continent, Minorca and Gibraltar. Thus, Spain had to give up the monopoly of its trade with America, a secular ambition of Great Britain.<br>
The Bourbons of the 18<sup>th</sup> century were Philip V (1700-1724, by abdication), Louis I (January-August 1724, death), Philip V (takes back the throne, 1724-1746), Ferdinand VI (1746-1759), Charles III (1759-1788, brother of Ferdinand; king of Naples, which he left in 1734) and Charles IV (1788-1808).</p>
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The [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JqB14NYaE0s European reformist spirit] of the 18<sup>th</sup> century arrived with Philip V. As a result, for example, the Habsburgs’ hunting palaces were converted into Royal Sites and beautiful Versailles-like palaces with attractive gardens and fountains, were periodically visited by the court with all their paraphernalia.<br>
The stability of the first years of Charles III was interrupted as from 1763-1765. One of the endemic cereal crises produced a shortage of bread. There were riots, and a public security order on the use of wide-brimmed hats and long capes, which unleashed the anger of the people of Madrid against the Minister Marqués de Esquilache, who Charles III had brought from Naples. Esquilache was banished and the king was forced to decree a price reduction. The Society of Jesus was blamed for these and other riots, and was expelled from Spain in 1767, as had previously happened in France and Portugal. The Jesuits were persecuted for their opposition to statist [https://dpej.rae.es/lema/regalismo ''regalismo''] (policy developed during the Enlightenment, consisting of reclaiming faculties, powers, or prerogatives for the monarch, recognized by the nobility and the clergy).<br>
In 1761, the Road Instruction was published to connect the court with the outskirts. The General Superintendence of Roads was created and in 1802 was founded the School of Civil Engineers. The road network had about 25,000 km, which crossed [https://sevilla.abc.es/andalucia/malaga/sevi-puente-nuevo-sobre-tajo-ronda-hunde-201703122323_noticia.html rivers, mountains] and the fierce opposition of the ''Mesta'' in defence of its livestock transhumance paths’ network (''red cabañera''). The dirt roads were just wide enough for two horses while the paved ones allowed for the passage of two carts at a time. Works on navigable canals began, some unfinished, such as the Canal de Castilla or the ''Canal Imperial de Aragón'' (1776-1784). The maritime ports were promoted with their work boards. A decisive step was the free trade decrees of 1765 and 1778, which opened the connection of 15 Spanish and 24 American ports.
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[[File:Enelaboracion.jpg|center|thumb|300px|Royal manufactures, royal sites and new urbanism. 18<sup>th</sup> century. Spain. [XXX PDF]. [XXX Datos]. [XXX Interactivo].]]
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[[File:Enelaboracion.jpg|center|thumb|300px|Esquilache riots and expulsion of the jesuits. Spain. 1766-1767. [XXX PDF]. [XXX Datos]. [XXX Interactivo].]]
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[[File:Enelaboracion.jpg|center|thumb|300px|Roads, canals and ports in the second half fon the 18<sup>th</sup> century. Spain. [XXX PDF]. [XXX Datos]. [XXX Interactivo].]]
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