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The republican parties had sworn allegiance to bring the republic through the Pact of San Sebastián (1930), as a consequence of the disrepute of the Monarchy. And they took advantage of the municipal elections in 1931 because, although the monarchists got more municipal councillors, the vote in the big cities was republican. Many people took to the streets and Alfonso XIII, abandoned by everybody, stopped his royal functions and left «Spain…the sole lady of its own destiny».<br>
[https://revistadehistoria.es/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/II_republica-867x1024.jpg The Republic faced ] all the problems simultaneously: agricultural, social, religious, military and territorial issues. In the meantime, a Constitution was elaborated in the middle of the Great Depression of 1929. All “these issues” were intended to be resolved, but how? Some wanted a bourgeois republic with reforms, but gradual and prolonged throughout time; others wanted radical political action that could even become revolutionary. The Second Republic emerged with great difficulties so that “the two Spains” could fit into it. Therefore, the Pact of San Sebastián was broken and not only the radicals but the liberal right also got out of the first Government.<br>
In [https://lacorrientedelgolfo.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/fachada-sec3b1ora-maravillas-bravo-murillo.jpg May 1931], more than 100 convents were set on fire. The following year there was an anarchist revolutionary attempt, a monarchist uprising and even a failed coup d’état by General Sanjurjo. And while the Agrarian Reform, the army reorganisation, the generalisation of the education and the regional planning was faced by the Republican Courts, the strikes and revolts continued, resulting in a tough response with 25 deaths in the anarchist Casas Viejas uprising. The society was not ready for with some decisions: the divorce law, the recognition of the Soviet Union; others, like the expulsion of the Jesuits, seemed exaggerated. And some raised powerful enemies against the Republic, such as the agrarian reform or the one of the army.<br>
In 1933 the right-wing party won the elections (while [https://c8.alamy.com/compes/2c609g1/nuremberg-1930-waffen-ss-tropas-en-cascos-pulidos-en-fila-serried-preciso-un-puesto-de-saludo-durante-una-manifestacion-nazi-aleman-2c609g1.jpg Hitler came to power ] in Germany), the reforms were stopped and the PSOE attempted a general revolutionary action in October 1934 (1,800-2,000 deaths across Spain), with victory only in Asturias. The Sacred Chamber of the Cathedral of Oviedo was blown up and the University was set on fire (its old library was lost) amid looting and killings. The Republic sent the ''Legión '' and also the Army of Africa to Asturias, which acted with similar violence. During 1935 both Spains were prepared to settle their confrontation in the general elections held in February of 1936. There was a triumph of the Popular Front, and in July a great part of the army took up arms, led by General Franco.<br>
[https://www.uv.es/ivorra/Historia/SXX/julio1936.jpg The rebellion ] only won in some parts of Spain. But the audacity and discipline of the rebels and the rulers’ indecision, who would rather arm the civil people than lean on the rest of the army, whose loyalty they doubted, derived into a civil war that would last until 1939. There were moments with as much violence at the rear as on the front-line.<br>
Once the war was over, General Franco established a personal [https://c8.alamy.com/compes/ta43bh/foto-de-caudillo-el-general-francisco-franco-la-etapa-durante-el-desfile-de-la-victoria-en-el-paseo-della-castellana-madrid-el-19-de-mayo-de-1939-franco-es-saludar-en-la-tribuna-rodeado-por-altos-oficiales-y-dignatarios-una-unidad-de-soldados-italianos-del-corpo-truppe-volontarie-voluntario-esta-marchando-por-el-arco-triunfal-ta43bh.jpg military dictatorship], of a National Catholic nature, amidst violent [http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uJMwnA2NiUI/U0MHL-xAM-I/AAAAAAAAHY8/wbzWpoK6EoE/s1600/fusilamiento.jpg repression].<br>
In its first years, given its international isolation, the dictatorship tried to govern autarchically and with the expected territorial actions: great public works without the possibility of resistance from those affected (entire villages were moved), such as the construction of more than 500 dams. In the meantime, land plots concentration plans, colonisation of new [https://static.eldiario.es/clip/b90b2309-5e3b-48c6-a255-9f0a8c702307_twitter-watermarked-aspect-ratio_default_0.jpg villages], and construction of grain storage networks (the [https://static.hoy.es/www/pre2017/multimedia/noticias/201702/05/media/cortadas/108371988-U101036765400baB--660x371@Hoy-Hoy.jpg ''silos'']), were promoted while the great property remained untouchable.The project known as ''Plan Badajoz '' was relevant, with thousands of people being resettled.<br>
From 1959 onwards, (the isolation had already stopped due to the ''cold war''), technocratic programs were implemented (the Development Plans) with industrial parks and estates throughout the country. Undoubtedly there was economic progress, urban middle classes were created in large numbers and the active agrarian population decreased by 10% due to emigration to industrial areas. Spain was considered the tenth world economic power for a few years. But in 1975 nobody wanted to continue with a dictatorship and the country returned to a democratic system.<br>
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