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[[File:EnelaboracionSpain_Dynastic-Union-under-the-Catholic-Monarchs.-Incorporations-of-the-Canary-Islands--Granada-and-Navarra_1469-1512_map_13994_eng.jpg|center|thumb|300px|Map: Dynastic union Union under the Catholic Monarchs. Incorporation Incorporations of the Canary Islands, Granada and Navarra. 1469-1512-1515. Spain. [XXX //centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Dynastic-Union-under-the-Catholic-Monarchs.-Incorporations-of-the-Canary-Islands--Granada-and-Navarra_1469-1512_map_13994_eng.pdf PDF]. [XXX Datos]//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Dynastic-Union-under-the-Catholic-Monarchs.-Incorporations-of-the-Canary-Islands--Granada-and-Navarra_1469-1512_map_13994_eng. [XXX Interactivozip Data].]]
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<p style="margin:0; padding:0;">Dynastic union of Aragon and Castile</p>
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{{ANEAutoria
|Autores=XXXMaría Sánchez Agustí, José Antonio Álvarez Castrillón, Mercedes de la Calle Carracedo, Daniel Galván Desvaux, Joaquín García Andrés, Isidoro González Gallego, Montserrat León Guerrero, Esther López Torres, Carlos Lozano Ruiz, Ignacio Martín Jiménez, Rosendo Martínez Rodríguez, Rafael de Miguel González.
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[[File:EnelaboracionWorld_Distribution-of-earth-space--Tordesillas-and-Saragossa_1494-1529_map_15215_eng.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The distribution Map: Distribution of the territoriesearth space: Tordesillas and Saragossa. 1494-1529. World. [XXX //centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/World_Distribution-of-earth-space--Tordesillas-and-Saragossa_1494-1529_map_15215_eng.pdf PDF]. [XXX Datos]//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/World_Distribution-of-earth-space--Tordesillas-and-Saragossa_1494-1529_map_15215_eng. [XXX Interactivozip Data].]]
Columbus returned from his voyage in March 1493 and first reported on his success to Juan II of Portugal. When he arrived in Barcelona in April, where the court was at that time, an ambassador defending Portuguese rights had preceded him.<br>
In the Treaty of Tordesillas (June 1494) the definitive layout would be 370 leagues to the west of the Barcelona proposal. The Catholic Monarchs waited impatiently until June for the geographical report entrusted to Columbus on his second voyage. Antonio Torres brought this information on a boat and delivered it at Medina del Campo in April. Thus, they learned that the city of La Isabela was 750 leagues from the Canary Islands. They then decided on the distribution of the limits of influence across the Atlantic in such a way as to satisfy Portugal (which wanted the line further to the west, 370 leagues from the Azores and Cape Verde), saving their future territory with another 380 leagues, from the line to the island of Hispaniola. Nobody had expected there was a continent that extended to the east, in Brazil.<br>
The antemeridian would be decided after the clash between the Portuguese and the Spanish on the other side of the world. The Portuguese had built the fort of Ternate (1509) and the Spanish the fort of Tidore in the Moluccas. After a meeting of cosmographers in Badajoz-Elvas (1524), an essential agreement was reached in Saragossa for the Spanish, who by then knew how to get to Asia from America through the Pacific, but not how to return. They did not discover it until 1565, when Urdaneta managed to attain his way back, sailing north towards Acapulco.
{{ANEAutoria
|Autores=XXXMaría Sánchez Agustí, José Antonio Álvarez Castrillón, Mercedes de la Calle Carracedo, Daniel Galván Desvaux, Joaquín García Andrés, Isidoro González Gallego, Montserrat León Guerrero, Esther López Torres, Carlos Lozano Ruiz, Ignacio Martín Jiménez, Rosendo Martínez Rodríguez, Rafael de Miguel González.
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'''America, once linked to Spain, becomes part of the European culture'''<br>
[[File:EnelaboracionNorth-Atlantic_Columbus-voyages-and-contemporary-explorations_1492-1504_map_17064_eng.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Columbus’ Map: Columbus voyages and simultanous contemporary explorations. World1492-1504. North Atlantic. [XXX //centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/North-Atlantic_Columbus-voyages-and-contemporary-explorations_1492-1504_map_17064_eng.pdf PDF]. [XXX Datos]//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/North-Atlantic_Columbus-voyages-and-contemporary-explorations_1492-1504_map_17064_eng. [XXX Interactivozip Data].]]
America was the discovery of an unexpected and prodigious reality, which Spain had to tackle. The original peoples of the new continent also had to face the discovery of a “western culture” (oriental for them) in its Hispanic interpretation. For them it was, equally, an unthinkable and prodigious scenario. Both existences accepted their common challenge with the mindset and the instruments that were available at that time.<br>
{{ANEAutoria
|Autores=XXXMaría Sánchez Agustí, José Antonio Álvarez Castrillón, Mercedes de la Calle Carracedo, Daniel Galván Desvaux, Joaquín García Andrés, Isidoro González Gallego, Montserrat León Guerrero, Esther López Torres, Carlos Lozano Ruiz, Ignacio Martín Jiménez, Rosendo Martínez Rodríguez, Rafael de Miguel González.
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{{ANETextoEpigrafe
|epigrafe=Spain before Imperial EuropeFrom the route of the Moluccas to the circumnavigation of the globe}} [[File:World_First-round-the-world_1515-1522_map_16782_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: First round the world. 1515-1522. World. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/World_First-round-the-world_1515-1522_map_16782_eng.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/World_First-round-the-world_1515-1522_map_16782_eng.zip Data].]] Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese explorer familiar with Southeast Asia, who fell into disgrace (1514) at the Lisbon court, went to Seville and proposed to an assenting Charles I, to start a spice route to the west, in the opossite direction to the ''carreira da India'' of the Portuguese, through Africa and the Indian Ocean. He undertook to find the passage to the ''Southern Sea'' of Balboa, reach the Moluccas and return the same way, always within the Spanish hemisphere of the Teatry of Tordesillas. In 1519, he set sail with 5 ships and 239 crew members, including Juan Sebastián Elcano and the Italian chronicler Antonio Pigafetta, author of the ''Diary'' that chronicled the expedition. Magellan discovered the strait that bears his name, crossed the ocean, to which he gave a new name, and arrived as far north as Cebu, where he died in a skirmish with the natives.<br>Elcano then took command, went down to the Moluccas and filled the ''Victoria'', the only ship available at the time, with rich spices. He had the brilliant intuition of not going back by the same route (the currents capsized all the ships sailing to the east) and risking going back through the Indian Ocean and Africa, facing up to the Portuguese attacks, as indeed happened. In 1522, three years later, he arrived in Seville. With him were only 18 ragged and sick but immensely rich men, who had made the first circumnavigation of the world.<br>It was not until 1565 (Urdaneta’s return) that the ''Kuroshio Current'' was found, a return route, far to the north up to Acapulco. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish travelled along the coast from Patagonia to Alaska, discovered the lands of the Pacific (Juan Fernández, Rapa Nui, Marianas, Caroline islands, Torres Strait), traded with China and Japan, occupied the Philippines and earned for the Pacific the name of the “Spanish lake”.<br> {{ANEAutoria|Autores=María Sánchez Agustí, José Antonio Álvarez Castrillón, Mercedes de la Calle Carracedo, Daniel Galván Desvaux, Joaquín García Andrés, Isidoro González Gallego, Montserrat León Guerrero, Esther López Torres, Carlos Lozano Ruiz, Ignacio Martín Jiménez, Rosendo Martínez Rodríguez, Rafael de Miguel González.
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Charles I of Spain and Holy Roman emperor Charles V, a remote foreigner who knew nothing about Spain, arrived in 1517 surrounded by Flemish lords, with whom he replaced the peninsular nobility in government. This inheritance was, for him, a simple addition to the glory of the Habsburgs. The disappointment of his subjects increased with his claim to the Imperial Crown, after the death of his grandfather Maximilian, and his demand that the cost (donations to the German prince-electors) should come from the ''Cortes de Castilla'' convened in 1519 while he was marching to Germany. He was crown Emperor in 1520, but caused an uprising in the cities of Castile (the ''Comunidades'') and trade union revolts in Valencia and Majorca (the ''Germanías''). The nobility condescended to them, until they saw their anti-lordly character (anti-Moorish in Valencia). The ''comuneros'' Padilla, Bravo and Maldonado were executed in [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Comuneros.jpg Villalar] (1521) and the ''Germanías'' (Llorens in Valencia) suffocated in 1522. From then on, the aristocracy and the people of the Spanish kingdoms became hopelessly enthusiastic about the labyrinth of European imperial politics.<br>
