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The population increased and exceeded ten million inhabitants in the 18th century, but changes in the territorial distribution took place. The inland areas, except for Madrid, suffered continuous negative rates for more than a century (''[[:File:XXX|The Urban World and Population Density at the late 18th Century]]'' map and ''[[:File:XXX|Population and Population Density in the First Third of the 19th Century]]'' maps) while the outskirts were thriving: Gijón, Ferrol, Vigo, Cartagena, Jerez de la Frontera, San Fernando, etc. This was possible thanks to the progress in medicine, hygiene, increased agricultural production, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ocr_Qflmjps new towns] founded by the State, the arrival of technicians and foreign residents, the creation of industries, among other reasons.<br>

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The objective of the ecclesiastical confiscations, known as ''desamortizaciones'', was the nationalisation of all the assets (buildings, land, works of art, books, etc.) from the so-called ''manos muertas'', most of which were property of the religious communities, except for the educational and health care ones. There were precedents: assets belonging to the expelled Jesuits, some attempts by Godoy, the assets confiscation to the liberals and the Francophiles, or the nationalisation of the Inquisition property and of the military orders, decreed by the ''Cortes de Cádiz''.<br>

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Alfonso XIII assumed full authority as king on his 16th birthday, among a general historical pessimism provoked by the ''Desastre del 98'' (98 Disaster), that marked the Generation of 1898.<br>

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The republican parties had sworn allegiance to bring the republic through the Pact of San Sebastián (1930), as a consequence of the disrepute of the Monarchy. And they took advantage of the municipal elections in 1931 because, although the monarchists got more municipal councillors, the vote in the big cities was republican. Many people took to the streets and Alfonso XIII, abandoned by everybody, stopped his royal functions and left «Spain…the sole lady of its own destiny».<br>

In [https://lacorrientedelgolfo.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/fachada-sec3b1ora-maravillas-bravo-murillo.jpg May 1931], more than 100 convents were set on fire. The following year there was an anarchist revolutionary attempt, a monarchist uprising and even a failed coup d’état by General Sanjurjo. And while the Agrarian Reform, the army reorganisation, the generalisation of the education and the regional planning was faced by the Republican Courts, the strikes and revolts continued, resulting in a tough response with 25 deaths in the anarchist Casas Viejas uprising. The society was not ready for with some decisions: the divorce law, the recognition of the Soviet Union; others, like the expulsion of the Jesuits, seemed exaggerated. And some raised powerful enemies against the Republic, such as the agrarian reform or the one of the army.<br>

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|titulo=Abdication of Juan Carlos I

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With the vote of the Ley Orgánica 3/2014 in the Congress, the abdication of King Juan Carlos I became effective. It was presented by the Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy, who pointed out that the King abdicated “in favour of his successor Felipe de Borbón y Grecia, called to become King of Spain, just after the effective date of this law”. Some Congress representatives pointed out that “a new Head of State would be elected”; others voted “no”, highlighting their decision “for the republic”, “for the Catalonian republic” or “for the democracy”.

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