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Talk:Mobility detected by mobile phones

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{{ANEEtiqueta|palabrasclave=pandemiapandemic, covid, movilidad interprovincial en la pandemia, movilidad intraprovincial en la pandemia, movilidad en la pandemia|descripcion= Análisis de la movilidad detectada a través de la telefonía móvil durante la primera ola de la pandemia mediante mapas y gráficos estadísticos|url=valor}}{{ANEObra|Serie=Monografías del Monographs from the National Atlas Nacional de Españaof Spain|Logo=[[ArchivoFile:Logo_MonografíaLogo Monografía.jpg|left|50x50px|link=]]|Título=La pandemia The COVID-19 en Españapandemic in Spain|Subtítulo=Primera olaFirst wave: de los primeros casos a finales de junio de from the first cases to the end of June 2020|Año=2021|Contenido=Nuevo contenidoNew content}}{{ANENavegacionSubcapitulo (monografía COVID-19)|estructura temática=Estructura temática|seccion=[[Efectos socialesSocial, económicos y ambientaleseconomic and environmental effects|Efectos socialesSocial, económicos y ambientaleseconomic and environmental effects]]|capitulo=[[MovilidadMobility|Mobility]]|subcapitulo=Movilidad detectada a través de la telefoníaMobility detected by mobile phonest}}
Virtually everybody owns a mobile phone nowadays, most of which are smartphones. Citizens interact with them regularly, making and receiving calls, opening data sessions to check e-mails, searching for information on the internet, participating in social networks, etc. Mobile phone operators store this activity data (both calls and data sessions) for billing purposes, and this information may provide valuable raw material for studies on mobility. Mobile phone activity data provide real-time information on the user’s location at any point in time and on any trips they make. Analysing these data allows monitoring processes over time, such as the mobility of the population during the different phases of the pandemic.
To summarise, restrictions on mobility were most stringent during the third and fourth weeks of the state of alarm and were then progressively lifted until they ended on 21 June 2020. They affected both the number of trips made and the distance travelled (due to the 1 km radius rule and to limitations on travel between municipalities, provinces and regions). Two indicators were chosen to analyse journeys: firstly, the number of daily trips, and secondly, the number of daily trips weighted by the distance travelled. This second indicator was applied at a provincial level to assess the percentage drop in travellers-km within each province (intra-provincial mobility) and between provinces (inter-provincial mobility). Finally, a third indicator was used to depict lockdown, i.e. the percentage of the population that left their mobility area.
{{ANETextoAsociado|titulo='''Caída de la movilidad durante la primera semana de confinamiento estricto'''|contenido=[[ArchivoFile:Espana_Caida-de-la-movilidad-durante-la-primera-semana-del-confinamiento_2020_mapa_18366_spaLogo Monografía.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Mapa: Caída de la movilidad durante la primera semana del confinamiento. 2020. España. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_Caida-de-la-movilidad-durante-la-primera-semana-del-confinamiento_2020_mapa_18366_spa.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_Caida-de-la-movilidad-durante-la-primera-semana-del-confinamiento_2020_mapa_18366_spa.zip Datos].]]La semana del 30 de marzo al 5 de abril se decretó la suspensión de todas las actividades, salvo de aquellas que fueron consideradas como esenciales. Con la población en sus hogares y la mayor parte de las actividades cerradas, la movilidad se redujo de forma sustancial. El número de viajeros-km, obtenido a partir del uso que hacemos de los teléfonos móviles, es un excelente indicador de esta situación de confinamiento estricto. Lo muestra la caída por encima del 70% respecto a una semana habitual en prácticamente todas las provincias. Solo aquellas provincias con una mayor proporción de actividades ligadas a la agricultura y la ganadería o vinculadas a la logística mantuvieron un cierto grado de movilidad.
Al contrario, la reducción de los viajes y las distancias recorridas tuvo una enorme incidencia en los dos archipiélagos. Con las actividades turísticas cerradas y las limitaciones a la movilidad con la Península y entre las propias islas, la caída de la movilidad en ambos archipiélagos superó el 90%. También otras provincias costeras tuvieron caídas significativas. Junto a ellas, las principales áreas urbanas, con Madrid a la cabeza, donde existe una proporción alta de empleo en oficinas o provincias con una importante actividad administrativa o de servicios, vieron reducir notablemente su movilidad durante esta semana de fuertes restricciones.}}
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[[ArchivoFile:Espana_Evolucion-del-numero-de-viajes-durante-la-primera-ola-de-la-pandemia_2020_graficoestadistico_18367_spaLogo Monografía.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Gráfico estadístico: Evolución del número de viajes durante la primera ola de la pandemia. 2020. España.]]
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[[ArchivoFile:Espana_Evolucion-del-numero-de-viajeros--km-durante-la-primera-ola-de-la-pandemia_2020_graficoestadistico_18368_spaLogo Monografía.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Gráfico estadístico: Evolución del número de viajeros-km durante la primera ola de la pandemia. 2020. España.]]
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[[ArchivoFile:Espana_Poblacion-que-sale-de-su-area-de-movilidad-durante-la-primera-ola-de-la-pandemia_2020_graficoestadistico_18256_spaLogo Monografía.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Gráfico estadístico: Población que sale de su área de movilidad durante la primera ola de la pandemia. 2020. España.]]
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The maps showing the evolution in intra-provincial mobility unveil how restrictions affected life during the first weeks of the pandemic. They reveal a maximum reduction in mobility in the phase affected by the most stringent restrictions and a gradual recovery in intra-provincial mobility in the run-up to the summer. The differences between provinces are few and far between, e.g. home office was widely implemented in provinces with a large proportion of jobs in the tertiary sector, whilst the need to physically go to work in the more agricultural and industrial provinces entailed higher levels of mobility. These differences between provinces are more remarkable in the first week, which shows a sharper drop in trips in Madrid and Barcelona than in the rest of the country. The map of the situation during the fourth week of lockdown shows the economic standstill throughout Spain, which translated to a massive drop in trips in all provinces.
Mobility between provinces (see maps on inter-provincial mobility) followed a similar pattern to mobility within them (intra-provincial mobility). Again, the disparities between the provinces were more remarkable during the first weeks of lockdown and during the downscaling phases. By contrast, changes in mobility were more uniform during the two weeks with the most stringent restrictions, when a sharp fall in inter-provincial travel was registered in all provinces. The most significant contrast was to be found again in Madrid and Barcelona in relation to their neighbouring provinces. The two major cities also saw a remarkable reduction in travel to other provinces in all weeks assessed, with many business conferences and meetings taking place virtually. Conversely, as many of the people living in Guadalajara, Toledo, Segovia and Ávila are employed in Madrid, these provinces registered a higher proportion of inter-provincial trips, well above the national average. This situation was to be found again for Barcelona and the surrounding Catalan provinces and, to a lesser extent, for Seville (Sevilla), Saragossa (Zaragoza), Valladolid and Corunna (A Coruña) and their neighbouring provinces. The drop in inter-provincial mobility was particularly sharp in the islands due to their heavy reliance on tourism and to a general aversion to air travel.
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[[ArchivoFile:Espana_Caida-de-la-movilidad-intraprovincial.-Semana-1-de-confinamiento_2020_mapa_18239_spaLogo Monografía.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Mapa: Caída de la movilidad intraprovincial. Semana 1 de confinamiento. 2020. España. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_Caida-de-la-movilidad-intraprovincial.-Semana-1-de-confinamiento_2020_mapa_18239_spa.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_Caida-de-la-movilidad-intraprovincial.-Semana-1-de-confinamiento_2020_mapa_18239_spa.zip Datos].[https://interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c_158_t.c_158_t&s=2020-03-14&t=A02&view=map9 Versión interactiva].]]
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[[Archivo:Espana_Caida-de-la-movilidad-intraprovincial.-Semana-6-de-la-desescalada_2020_mapa_18246_spa.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Mapa: Caída de la movilidad intraprovincial. Semana 6 de la desescalada. 2020. España. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_Caida-de-la-movilidad-intraprovincial.-Semana-6-de-la-desescalada_2020_mapa_18246_spa.pdf PDF]. [//centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Espana_Caida-de-la-movilidad-intraprovincial.-Semana-6-de-la-desescalada_2020_mapa_18246_spa.zip Datos].[https://interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c_158_t.c_158_t&s=2020-06-11&t=A02&view=map9 Versión interactiva].]]
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Mobility between regions also reduced significantlyprovinces (see maps on inter-provincial mobility) followed a similar pattern to mobility within them (intra-provincial mobility). These flowsAgain, which the disparities between the provinces were especially intense between neighbouring regions more remarkable during the first weeks of lockdown and between regions during the downscaling phases. By contrast, changes in mobility were more uniform during the two weeks with the most stringent restrictions, when a larger demographic sharp fall in inter-provincial travel was registered in all provinces. The most significant contrast was to be found again in Madrid and economic weight, were restricted during lockdown Barcelona in relation to their neighbouring provinces. The two major cities also saw a minimum remarkable reduction in travel to other provinces in all weeks assessed, with many business conferences and were only allowed due to duly justified reasonsmeetings taking place virtually. Conversely, such as work. As many of the people living in Guadalajara, Toledo, Segovia and Ávila are employed in Madrid, these provinces registered a resulthigher proportion of inter-provincial trips, well above the maps showing the trips made national average. This situation was to be found again for Barcelona and the Region of Madrid (Comunidad de Madrid) surrounding Catalan provinces and , to Catalonia a lesser extent, for Seville (Catalunya/CataluñaSevilla) from other regions reveal a very acute drop across the board. Furthermore, they depict a sharp decline in mobility between the Region of Madrid Saragossa (Comunidad de MadridZaragoza) , Valladolid and Catalonia Corunna (Catalunya/CataluñaA Coruña), with a significant fall and their neighbouring provinces. The drop in travel due to the drop inter-provincial mobility was particularly sharp in business trips. Finally, travel from the islands was clearly affected during the first wave of the pandemic due to the restrictions their heavy reliance on tourism and to a general aversion to air travel.
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También la movilidad entre comunidades autónomas experimentó un retroceso especialmente marcadoMobility between regions also reduced significantly. Durante la primera olaThese flows, estos flujoswhich were especially intense between neighbouring regions and between regions with a larger demographic and economic weight, que eran especialmente intensos entre comunidades vecinas y entre las comunidades con mayor peso demográfico y económico, quedaron restringidos al mínimo y solo eran posibles por causas debidamente justificadaswere restricted during lockdown to a minimum and were only allowed due to duly justified reasons, como el trabajosuch as work. En los mapas referidos As a los viajes atraídos por la result, the maps showing the trips made to the Region of Madrid (Comunidad de Madrid y ) and to Catalonia (Catalunya/Cataluña desde otras comunidades autónomas se observa una caída muy marcada con todas ellas) from other regions reveal a very acute drop across the board. Furthermore, aunque las relaciones fueron algo menores entre comunidades vecinas, por ejemplo, entre Castilla-La Mancha y they depict a sharp decline in mobility between the Region of Madrid, entre las que existen intensos flujos laborales. Por el contrario, los dos mapas muestran la brusca caída de la movilidad entre la (Comunidad de Madrid y ) and Catalonia (Catalunya/Cataluña), con una reducción de desplazamientos muy significativa, fruto de la caída de los viajes de negocioswith a significant fall in travel due to the drop in business trips. Otra de las relaciones afectada con fuerza durante la primera ola fueron los viajes desde las islasFinally, como consecuencia de las limitaciones a la movilidad aéreatravel from the islands was clearly affected during the first wave of the pandemic due to the restrictions on air travel.
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