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'''HYPERTENSION'''
[[File:Logo MonografíaSpain_Reported-prevalence-of-hypertension-in-the-population-over-15-years-of-age_2017_map_17862_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Reportered Reported prevalence of hypertension in the population over 15 yearsof age. 2017. Spain. [ //centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Reported-prevalence-of-hypertension-in-the-population-over-15-years-of-age_2017_map_17862_eng.pdf PDF]. [/ /centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Reported-prevalence-of-hypertension-in-the-population-over-15-years-of-age_2017_map_17862_eng.zip Data]. [Interactive versions [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=r_123_tc12332.r_123_tc12332&t=A02&view=map10 1] [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&si=Totalc12331.c12331&t=A02&view=map10 Versión interactiva2] [//interactivo-atlasnacional. ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c12333.c12333&t=A02&view=map10 3]. ]]
Hypertension is an important risk factor that has been discovered in 19% of patients with COVID-19 in Spain. The biological concept is based on its effect on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and on angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) overexpression.
'''OBESITY'''
[[File:Logo MonografíaSpain_Prevalence-of-obesity-in-the-population-over-18-years-of-age_2017_map_17861_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Prevalence of obesity in the population over 18 years of age. 2017. Spain. [ //centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Prevalence-of-obesity-in-the-population-over-18-years-of-age_2017_map_17861_eng.pdf PDF]. [/ /centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Prevalence-of-obesity-in-the-population-over-18-years-of-age_2017_map_17861_eng.zip Data]. [Interactive versions [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=r_123_tc12363.r_123_tc12363&t=A02&view=map10 1] [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&si=Totalc12362.c12362&t=A02&view=map10 Versión interactiva2] [//interactivo-atlasnacional. ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c12364.c12364&t=A02&view=map10 3].]]
Obesity is considered the epidemic of the 21st century, as its numbers are increasing in the adult population and, what is more worrying, in children. Being overweight/obese has been identified in numerous studies as a predictor of hospital admission and admission to the ICU, especially in patients under 65 years of age. The SEMI-COVID-19 registry shows its presence in 21% of patients.
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'''DIABETES'''[[File:Logo MonografíaSpain_Reported-prevalence-of-diabetes-in-the-population-over-15-years-of-age_2017_map_17863_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Reportered Reported prevalence of diabetes in the population over 15 yearsof age. 2017. Spain. [ //centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Reported-prevalence-of-diabetes-in-the-population-over-15-years-of-age_2017_map_17863_eng.pdf PDF]. [ //centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Reported-prevalence-of-diabetes-in-the-population-over-15-years-of-age_2017_map_17863_eng.zip Data]. [Interactive versions [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=r_123_tc12369.r_123_tc12369&t=A02&view=map10 1] [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&si=Totalc12368.c12368&t=A02&view=map10 Versión interactiva2] [//interactivo-atlasnacional. ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c12370.c12370&t=A02&view=map10 3].]]
This risk factor has been identified in 17% of the cases reported (8.9% of hospital admissions in Spain). It is clearly a higher risk factor for hospital admission, admission to the ICU and death. The biological mechanism on which this risk factor is based is that described for hypertension.
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'''HEART FAILURE'''[[File:Logo MonografíaSpain_Prevalence-of-heart-failure_2017_map_17868_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Prevalence of heart failure. 2017. Spain. [ //centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Prevalence-of-heart-failure_2017_map_17868_eng.pdf PDF]. [/ /centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Prevalence-of-heart-failure_2017_map_17868_eng.zip Data]. [Interactive versions //interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=r_123_tc12546.c12546&t=A02&view=map10 1] [//interactivo-atlasnacional.r_123_tign.es/index.php#c=indicator&si=Totalc12545.c12545&t=A02&view=map10 Versión interactiva2] [//interactivo-atlasnacional. ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c12547.c12547&t=A02&view=map10 3].]]
Heart failure has been described, either under this term or as a cardiovascular disease, as the most prevalent risk factor in the population diagnosed with COVID-19 (up to 30%) and is present in more than 50% of COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU in Spain, according to several studies. Its mechanism of action is the same as for diabetes and hypertension.
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'''CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE'''[[File:Logo MonografíaSpain_Prevalence-of-chronic-kidney-disease_2019_map_18373_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Prevalence of chronic kidney disease. 2019. Spain. [ //centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Prevalence-of-chronic-kidney-disease_2019_map_18373_eng.pdf PDF]. [/ /centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Prevalence-of-chronic-kidney-disease_2019_map_18373_eng.zip Data]. [Interactive version //interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=r_123_tc12867.c12867&t=A02&view=map10 1] [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.r_123_tphp#c=indicator&si=Totalc12866.c12866&t=A02&view=map10 Versión interactiva2] [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c12868. c12868&t=A02&view=map10 3].]]
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is included in the range of comorbidities that are associated with worse COVID-19 outcomes. Kidneys have ACE-2 receptors and are primarily involved in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system that regulates blood pressure. These are usually patients with added comorbidities, such as diabetes and hypertension, who have a weakened immune system.
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'''HIV-AIDS'''[[File:Logo MonografíaSpain_Prevalence-of-HIV-and-AIDS_2017_map_17869_eng.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Map: Prevalence of HIV and AIDS. 2017. Spain. [ //centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Prevalence-of-HIV-and-AIDS_2017_map_17869_eng.pdf PDF]. [/ /centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/busquedaRedirigida.do?ruta=PUBLICACION_CNIG_DATOS_VARIOS/aneTematico/Spain_Prevalence-of-HIV-and-AIDS_2017_map_17869_eng.zip Data]. [Interactive versions //interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=r_123_tc12549.c12549&t=A02&view=map10 1] [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.r_123_tphp#c=indicator&si=Totalc12548.c12548&t=A02&view=map10 Versión interactiva2] [//interactivo-atlasnacional.ign.es/index.php#c=indicator&i=c12550. c12550&t=A02&view=map10 3].]]
HIV infection and AIDS diagnosis is not usually listed as a risk factor in most studies as such; immunodeficiency is. However, this term is very broad and difficult to define. So a pathology like VIH-AIDS, with a well-established information system and a clear impact on the immune system, especially cell-mediated immunity, was opted for in this study.
