Changes

The Middle Ages in the Peninsula is the historical period that goes from the battle of Guadalete (711) –other records situate its beginning in 540 when the new seat of the Visigothic kingdom is established in Toledo– up to 1492, the year of the conquest of Granada, the discovery of America, the first grammar of the language by Nebrija, and the expulsion of the Jews. It is debated however, whether the period led by the Catholic Monarchs Isabella and Ferdinand (1469-1517) can no longer be considered medieval but typical of the Modern Age, the next period. On the other hand, traditional historiography calls ''Reconquista '' to these eight hundred years, understood as a permanent struggle for the “recovery of Spain”. This idea was coined by the Mozarabs, who fled from the Islamised south of the Peninsula to the Christian lands of the north. 

La Península se convirtió en un emirato The Peninsula became an emirate (territorio militar y administrativomilitary and adminitrative territory) del califato de los Omeyas en Damascoof the Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus, que renunciaron a una mayor expansión por occidente which renounced further expansion to the west (Al-ÁndalusAndalus) tras ser vencidos por los francos de Carlos after being defeated by the Franks of Charles Martel en in Poitiers (732).

El triunfo de la rebelión de los Abbasíes contra los Omeyas The triumph of the rebellion of the Abbasids against the Umayyads (750)caused the flight of a young prince through North Africa to Córdoba, provoca la huida de un joven príncipe por el norte de África hasta Córdobawhere he was proclaimed emir, donde se proclama emir… pero independiente de Bagdadbut independent of Baghdad, la nueva the new capital del califato abbasí: es city of the Abbasid Caliphate. It was Abd-el-Rahmán al Rahman I, que inaugura la dinastía de los Omeyas hispanomusulmanes en el who inaugurated the dynasty of the Spanish-Muslim Umayyads in 756.

Mientras tantoMeanwhile, entre los siglos VIII y IXbetween the eighth and ninth centuries, el reino astur se extiende a este y oestethe Asturian kingdom extended east and west. Nacen nuevos focos de resistencia New pockets of resistance emerged (reino de the kingdom of Pamplona, condados de counties of [https://turismojacetania.com/lugares.php?Id=139 AragónAragon], Sobrarbe, Ribagorza…). CarlomagnoCharlemagne, rey de los francos y emperador desde el King of the Franks and Emperor since 800, interpone ante los musulmanes una interposed a ''Marca Hispánica'' (espacio de comarcas feudatariasan area of feudatory regions) en el sudeste pirenaicoin front of the Muslims territory, in the southeast of the Pyrenees. A finales del siglo IX estos condados catalanes se libran de la dependencia francaAt the end of the ninth century, these Catalan counties were freed from Frankish dependence: Pallars, Urgell, Ampurias, Gerona, Barcelona…and Barcelona.